56 BALTIA; TERAGOLUS. By J. Ruber. 



15. Genus: Baltia Moore. 



The butterflies of this genus belong to the smaller members of the family. In venation there is 

 hardly a difference from the South American Andina Stgr., the species of Baltia resembhng also in aspect 

 Andhia huanaco Stgr. The members of both genera inhabit the highest mountains. As compared with the 

 previous genera the neuration of Baltia is peculiar in as much as both radials of the forewing branch off 

 from the subcostal nervure, the cell therefore being closed by the lower discocellular alone. Palpus pro- 

 jecting far bej'ond head, rough-hairy. Antenna with distinctly marked club. So far only 2 to 4 species 

 are known, being represented by 3 to 5 forms. According to the neuration and the structure of the palpi 

 and antennae, as well as according to the pattern and size, Baltia belongs into the neighbourhood of 

 Eiichloe, and not into the relationship of Aporia. 



stiawii. B. shawii Bates (^3b). The cf is very similar to B. butleri , but the black markings are rather 



more strongly developed, the underside bearing daik spots in place of the marginal and submarginal striol- 

 ation. In the ? the black marginal and submarginal band reach to the hindmargin. Patria: Pamir, Southern 

 Fergana, Ladak, and in the Indian area the North -Western Himalayas, 15000 — 18000'. 



hiitlen. B. butleri Moore (23b). In the ?, as in the ? of the preceding species, the black bands extend to 



the hindmargin, and the black streak-like marginal spots of the forewing join the submarginal band. Hind- 

 wing darker than in cf. Nan-Shan, Amdo, South -Western China, Kashmir, 15000 — 18000'. — In the 

 potanini. form potanitii Alph., from Mongolia, the cf is larger, being devoid of the black subapical band; the ? dark 

 yellowish. — According to the author B. sikkima FruJist. is a distinct species, while Elwes maintains that 

 it is not separable from shawii. Occurs in Sikkim, i. e. not in the Palaearctic Region, at elevations of from 

 12000 to 15 000'. — The form of shawii figured by Gb.-Grshimailo in Romanoff's Memoires sur les Lepidop- 

 baitalensis. teres IV, t. 10, fig. 2 a, b, from Turkestan, has been named by Mooee B. baitalensis. For lack of material 

 we are not able to say, if this is reaUy a special form or species. 



16. Genus: Xeracolus Swains. 



This genus, which has been monographed several times during the last ten years, is composed of 

 Teracolus, Idmais and Callosune, formerly considered distinct. This sepai'ation into three genera was solely 

 based on the external aspect of the cfcf, not on structural differences. Teracolus is one of the most difficult 

 genera as regards the separation of the species, as is sufficiently evident from the great discrepancies in the 

 results attained by the various monographers (Butler, Marshall, E. Sharpe). Seasonal as well as sexual 

 dimorphism in an extremely high degree occurs almost generally. In addition we find an extraordinary 

 variability according to locality, so that many species are composed of 20 — 30 often widely different forms. 

 Only very long series of s])ecimens and some knowledge of the ethiology render it possible to group the 

 forms fairly correctly. — The TeracoH belong to the smaller buttei-flies, being at the highest of medium size. 

 Their ground-colour is white or yellow, the apex of the forewing being sometimes orange or scarlet, in some 

 species hyacinth-blue, and mostly edged with black. The ?? have the black markings mostly enlarged. — 

 The antenna is rather short , somewhat curved , the club gradually widening, not being strongly developed. 

 The forewing has 4 subcostals, of which 2 branch off before the apex of the cell; the upper radial is free, 

 and the praecostal is curved outwards. — The TeracoH inhabit Africa south of the Sahara (only a single 

 species occurring in North Africa), as well as Anterior Asia, the peninsula of India and Ceylon, being absent 

 from swampy districts with luxurious vegetation. Their favorite haunts are inhospitable, rock-strewn, hot, 

 dry districts, and arid steppes. They fly there restlessly over the plains in the burning sunshine, or sail up 

 and down the rocks, now and again visiting a flower for a moment, with the wings half open as in 

 Anthocharis, while they close the wings when sleeping. Many species are of an astonishing abundance. 

 Dr. A. Seitz, for instance, caught 18 T. jjleione at a bush of Gapparis droserifoha, the other individuals of 

 this species, which fluttered around the bush in great numbers, not being frightened awaj' by their mates 

 being caught. However, the inaccessibihty of the flight-places and the often unbearable heat of the sun at 

 the always shadeless localities render the chase of these insects extremely weary. About 150—200 forms 

 of Teracolus are known, which can be united to hardly as many as 50 species. 



faiista. T. fausta Olivier (23c) occurs in Syria and Persia, being represented by local forms also in South 



Arabia, Afghanistan, and North -West India. Upperside reddish yellow, in ? somewhat lighter, with black 

 distal marginal markings on both wings, black subapical markings and black median spot on the forewing; 

 underside grey-yellowish with slight dark markings. Specimens from which the black middle spot of the 

 immaculata. forewing is entirely or nearly absent, the other black markings also being reduced, we name ab. immaculata. — 

 Very light-coloured individuals from Beirut {d' almost white, with the veins pale orange, ? white-yellow with 

 louisa. a pale orange-yellow tint) have been described by Neuburger as ab. louisa. 



