58 IXIAS; TERIAS. B.\' J. Robee. 



costal and distal margins, sparsely dusted with brown, before distal margin 2 larger and 2 smaller blackish 

 brown spots, no median spot; hindwing greenish sulphur-\ellow, sparingly dusted with brown. The ? not 

 different from the d'. Somewhat larger than cnpompe. — We know this insect only from the description. 



en's. T. eris Khig (23 e). This species, which inhabits the whole of Africa south of the Sahara, extends 



into our faunistic area in that portion of Arabia which belongs to the Palaearctic Region. Upperside 

 white, with grey -brownish apex which bears reddish white spots; a broad black border to the posterior 

 portion of the distal margin and along the entire hindmargin, as well as at the costal margin of the 

 hindwing. In the ? the dark markings are paler, there being, moreover, a black median spot on the forewing. 

 The underside is dirty white, with small blackish submarginal spots on the hind portion of the forewing. 



17. Genus: Ixias Ilhu. 



This genus is closely related to Tcracolux. The chief difference in neuration consists in the upper 

 radial of the forewing being confluent with the subcostal for about one-fourth. The Ixias are mostly larger 

 butterflies. The majority of the species has a yellow or white upperside with broad black apical marking 

 and in the & a large orange apical patch. The species are restricted to the Indo-Malayan subregion, only 

 one extending into the Palaearctic area. 



'& 



pyrene. I. pyrcnc L. {= aenippe Ci:, evippe Dni., anexibia Hbn., sesia F., pirenassa Wall.) (23 g) is widely 



distributed in India, occurring also in the south of that portion of China which belongs to the Palaearctic 

 Region. Upperside bright yellow in cf, white or yellowish in ?, with a broad black apical and distal 

 marginal marking to the forewing, the hindwing of the ? having a less wide black distal marginal band; 

 in the cT a broad reddish yellow subapical band with narrow black proximal border. Underside yeUow 

 with more or less dark markings, especially submarginal eye-Uke spots on the hindwing. Such specimens 



rhexia. belong to the dry-season form. — The wet-season form rhexia F. {■= pirithous F) (28 g) is larger, being 

 more strongly marked with black and having a broader, deeper red subapical j^atch. — /. pyrene is a very 

 variable butterfly, a whole number of forms having received names; the forms, however, ai'e not constant. 



18. Genus: Terias Stvains. 



This genus is not only distributed throughout the tropical countries, but occurs also in some countries 

 north and south of the tropics, for instance China, Japan, Arabia and North America. Its chief development 

 obtains in South America. The species of Terias are small or at the most medium-sized buttertUes with 

 the ground-colour mostly yellow, in some species white. The palpi are moderately long, with the apical 

 segment pointed. Antennae with the club gradually incrassate. Subcostal four-branched, two branches 

 before the end of cell, the third and fourth branches forming a short fork at the apex of wing. Hindwing 

 either rounded, or angulate at the second median vein, praecostal absent. — Larva slender, moderately 

 tapering at both ends. Pupa smooth, carinate at the sides, boat-shaped, somewhat compressed, without 

 lateral tubercles, the head very acuminate. 



/acta. T. laeta B. (= jaegeri Men.) (23 e) is very common in China, Japan, South Corea and the North- 



western Himalayas. The butterfly flies in September, hibernates, and appears again in March — like our 

 Goii. rhcnnni and the species of Vanessa —, apparently not copulating before spring. The rather leaf-like 

 underside affords the insect good protection on the leaf-covered ground of the woods. The insects appear 

 to feel very safe in their environment, for they have to be flushed in order to make them fly, otherwise it 

 is difficult for the collector in spite of their abundance to find them. Apex of forewing somewhat produced 

 and sharply pointed; distal margin of hindwing obtusely angulate at apex, in centre and at anal angle. 

 Upperside deep lemon-yellow; apical area of forewing blackish brown. Underside of forewing yellow, 

 dusted with brownish at costal and distal maigins ; hindwing yellowish brown , with numerous brown small 

 bethesba. spots and 2 or 3 narrow dark transverse bands. ? hardly different. — The summer-form bethesba Jans. 

 (= biformis Preijer) is very different; underside not leaf-like, but simply yellow; forewing above with the 

 black marginal band broader, reaching to the hindmargin, the dark margin of the hindwing being very 

 narrow. The wings are not acuminate and angulate at the inner angle, but rounded. — The form laeta 

 remains only for 7 days in the pupal stage, the butterfly, however, lives seven to eight months (inclusive 

 of the long winter), bethesba on the contrarj- lives only a short time. The specific identity of the two 

 forms has been proved by breeding by Pryer and Leech. The larva feeds on Cassia mimosoides. — The 

 various seasonal forms of this species are somewhat variable, s])ecimens of the winter-form laeto witli the 

 subferveiis. underside reddish sand-colour belonging to subfervens Btb: 



