60 GONEPTERYX. By J. Rober. 



green, rough, finely dotted with black; at the sides an interrupted, but very distinct, black stripe, below 

 which there is a broad orange band; on Cassia. Pupa very similar to that of Gonepteryx, green. — The 

 butterflies are very common, great masses of them occurring sometimes here or there; the}' flj- fast, but 

 are not shj-. 



crocale. C. crocale Cr. (= jugurtha Cf.) (24 a) is widely distributed throughout Indo -Australia and a very 



common insect; however, it is apparentlj- rare in Central China, from where it has been recorded by 

 Leech. The cf is greenish white above, witii the bases greenish yellow, there being no markings except 

 flava. a narrow black costal and distal marginal border. The ab. flava Btlv. is entirely yellow above and beneath, 

 the underside being very similar to the upper and without any markings. The ?S vary strongly; there are 

 specimens which resemble the cfcf. and also others in which the dark colour prevails, there occurring all 

 intergradations between these two forms. The underside of the ?? varies from yellowish to brownish, with 

 pomona. verj' slight dark markings, de Niceville states that he has ascertained by breeding that pomona F., 

 which thereto had been regarded as a distinct species, is a form of crocale. In pomona there are, beneath, 

 brownish submarginal markings and on the hindwing silvery discocellular spots; in some ?? the brownish 

 markings are enlarged to patches. — The larva has the skin granulate (chagreened), being grey-green 

 above; above the stigmata a steel-blue line, dorsally to which there is a white stripe that changes into 

 yellow on the four anterior segments; below the stigmata the skin is light green, the venter being bluish 

 green; each segment bears 6 folds, the whole larva being finely punctured with black. Pupa light green; 

 head prolonged into a point, the back provided with a hump; a yellow lateral stripe extends from end to 

 end. The larva feeds on Cassia alata L. (de Niceville). 



20. Genus: CJonepteryx Lecich. 



This genus is characterized by the peculiar shape of the wings. The apex of the forewing is 

 falcate, curved, being sharply pointed, and the hindwing is angulate below centre of distal margin. The 

 last of the 4 subcostals terminates in the tip of the wing. The palpi extend only little beyond the head. The 

 antennae are very short and strong, being gradually incrassate, therefore without distinct knob, but they are 

 club-shaped, the tip being truncate or provided with a short point. The distribution of the species of Gonepteri/x 

 is peculiar. The Palaearctic Region has the largest number of species, and therefore has to be considered 

 the true home of the genus; North India has only few species, which are near relatives ofrhamni; besides 

 these countries only South America has a few, but gigantic, representatives of the genus. The whole of 

 Africa south of the Sahara, Indo -Australia and the large North American area have no representative of 

 the genus, there occurring only a solitary immigrant from the south in the subtropical districts of North 

 America. In the magnificence of the colour of the wings the exotic forms do not come up to the 

 Palaearctic species. 



aspasia. G. aspasia Men. (24b), from the Amur and Ussuri, Korea, Turkestan, and Japan, is larger than 



rhamni; upperside of forewing light orange-yellow, hindwing sulphur-yellow with moderately large red-brown 

 middle spots, the marginal spots are very small, the underside is very light yellow. The ? greenish white. — 

 acuminata, acuminata Fhh: , from North and Central China , has the apex of the forewing somewhat prolonged ; the 

 upperside of the wings is sulphur-yellow, with larger orange-red central spots, the marginal spots of the 

 forewing are more developed, sometimes forming an uninterrupted border from the apex to the 2. median 

 vein; the underside is rather more greenish. The ? greenish white. — Larva on Rhamnus dahurica. 

 G (ispasid commences to fly in June, being a mountain-insect, while rhamni, which occurs in the same 

 districts, prefers the valleys. 



farinosa. 0. farinosa Z. (24b), from West Asia (the occurrence in North Africa is very doubtful), is con- 



spicuously larger than specimens of rhamni from Central Europe or even South France; the scaling of the cf 

 is thick, chalky, being lighter above and below on the distal portion of the wings, the whole hindwing, 

 moreover, being somewhat lighter in tint than the forewing; the yellow central spots are more indistinct, 

 bei,ng often absent from the forewing, especiall}' in ??; the latter still paler than rhamni-^. The specific 

 distinctness of farinosa has often been doubted, without sufficient reason we think, for farinosa occurs 

 together with rhamni and cleopatra (for instance in southern Asia Minor). 



rhamni. 0. rhamni L. (24 b, c) inhabits the whole Palaearctic Region with the exception of the most northern 



districts and tlie Canaries, occurring also in North India as a shghtly modified local form ; the statement in 

 Kirbt's catalogue that rhamni is also found in California is certainly erroneous. Upperside of cf lemon- 

 yellow with orange-yellow central spots and very slight brownish marginal spots; underside sulphur-j-ellow 

 to pale ochre, the proximal portion of forewing lighter, the median spot brownish, that of hindwing with 

 pale centre, the marginal spots somewhat more distinct than above, the hindwing, moreover, bearing 

 blackish, mostly hnear, submarginal specks. Antennae and palpi reddish. — A very remarkable aberration 

 progressiva, is progressiva Geest found near Freiburg i. Baden ; this specimen (cf ) has the same ornamental patch on the 

 forewing as cleopatra-d'. — In the southern districts of the area (Algiers and southern Asia Minor) there flies a 



