Puhl. 21. XL 07. GONEPTERYX. By J. Rober. 61 



larger and much richer yellow form, which also is purer beneath: meridionalis form. nov. — In North meridionalis. 

 India, and doubtless also in the adjacent districts of the Palaearctic Region, there occurs nepalensis Douhf. nepalensis. 

 (24 c); upperside rich yellow, with rather larger and more brightly coloured central spots and more distinct 

 marginal dots, which form an uninterrupted hue at the apex of forewing. — amurensis Grae.^. (24c) is a amurensis. 

 pretty, large, very rich yellow form from the Amur and North and Central China, sometimes being ol a 

 slight orange-red tint; the orange-red central spots very large; the brownish marginal dots distinct, forming 

 an uninterrupted Hne in the apical portion of the forewing. The ? has a strong greenish tint. — Tutt, 

 moreover, distinguishes the following aberrational forms: intermedia: ? greenish yellow, the angles of the intermedia. 

 wings being especially bright in colour; cleodoxa: orange middle spot of forewing very small or obsolete, deodoxa. 

 or merged into the ground-colour. — A very pretty aberration, which may be regarded as the first step 

 towards the development of aj). progressiva, has been found near Lobau in (Saxony: this specimen has a 

 narrow orange-red submarginal band on aU wings; we name this form ab. filia. — There is considerable ///w. 

 difference in colour between specimens from North Germany and individuals of southern origin (f. i. Trieste), 

 especially on the underside, in both sexes; but as the interjacent countries doubtless harbour intermediate 

 forms, special names for these various forms are not justified. — The species flies in North Germany from 

 the end of June and hibernates, copulation not taking place before spring. — Larva dull green, lighter at 

 the sides, with a dull wliite longitudinal stripe above the feet, spiracles dark green, head green; feeds 

 on various species of Rhamnus (Buckthorn), but doubtless also on other plants (f. i. probably on Vaccm- 

 ium), the butterfly occurring commonly also in localities where Rhamnus does not grow. Pupa with very 

 strongly convex breast, angulate, green, with a light yellow stripe on each side. Egg conical, with four 

 distinct stripes. 



G. alvinda Blanch. (24c), from Tibet, has in the cf the forewing lemon-yellow, the light hindwing alvinda. 

 contrasting strongly, being yellowish white: underside very light, only the basal portions of the forewing 

 slightly suffused with sulphur-yellow. ? almost white above, yellowish beneath, only the posterior part of 

 the forewing pure white. 



G. Cleopatra L. (24 d) occurs in South Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, Syria (also near Jerusalem cleopatra. 

 as taurka), and Madeira, as well as — if the record is not erroneous — in northern East Asia (Wladiwostock). 

 The name-typical nkopatra, from Southern Europe and North Africa, has the uppeiside of the cf lemon- 

 yellow, the larger proximal part of the forewing being orange-red; the hindwing has a more or less large 

 orange-red middle spot, the costal margin of the forewing and the anterior portion of the distal margin 

 bearing small reddish spots. The underside is pale lemon-yellow, the markings being the same as in 

 rhaiimi. Head, palpi and antenna red. The ?? more or less yellowish white, sometimes with a sulphur- 

 yellow tint, the underside being more yellowish than in rhatmn-^. Among this form occurs singly ab. 

 Virgo Biiber (24 d): c/'cf with the forewing orange -red, having a slight violet gloss. — italica Gerh. virgo. 

 (— massihensis Foidquier) is the summer-form according to Dr. Staudinger and Dr. Retsel, being characterized '^'''"'''• 

 by the sulphur-yellow underside. This colour, however, occurs also among specimens caught in spring, 

 according to our material. Moreover, we doubt that any (roMep^m/x-species has more than one brood in the 

 Palaearctic Region. For in southern Asia Minor (Taurus) the species rhamni, farinosa and cleopatra tanrira, 

 which occur there all three, commence to fly at the same time of year as rhamni in Central Europe; the 

 occurrence of a second brood, however, in the southern districts of the area would necessarily occasion a change 

 in the time of appearance. — taurica Stgr. (= antonia Bflr.) (24 d), from the Taurus, Syria and Palestine tatirica. 

 (Jerusalem), has in both sexes a lighter coloured upper- and underside; in the d'o' the orange colour of 

 the upperside is much less developed. — maderensis Fldr., from Madeira, has the forewing entirely orange- maderensis. 

 red in the cf. — The specimen of cleopatra from Wladiwostock, alread mentioned above, differs in several 

 respects from the other known forms: apex of forewing hardly noticeably produced, the margin of the 

 hindwing also not being acuminate at the 2. median, but only angulate; the orange of the forewing is 

 intermediate between that of cleopafra and taurica, the underside being much paler. If this specimen should 

 belong to a constant local form, this race might be named orientalis (24 d). — Larva rather more blue orientalis. 

 than in rhamni, with a more distinct white side-stripe; on Rhamnus alpina, cathartica and alaternus. Pupa 

 dirty green, with a yellow stripe on each side accompanied b\' red dots. 



G. amintha Blanch. (24 e), from Tibet, differs from the other species in the shape of the wings amintha. 

 (compare the figures). The upperside of the cfcf varies from deep lemon-yellow to orange-yellow; the 

 middle spots are large and intensely coloured, the brownish marginal dots being united to form a line in 

 the anterior portion of the forewing and mostly also in the posterior part of the hindwing. Underside of 

 cf and ? greenish white, the larger posterior part being sulphur-yellow in the cf. The ? is white above, 

 with a very slight yellow tint, being feebly sulphur-yellow at the base and distal margin. 



G. Cleobule Hbn. (24 e), from the Canary Islands, has the forewing of the & deep orange-yellow, cleobule. 

 with small lemon-yellow spots at the distal margin and reddish brown fringe-spots; hindwing lemon-yellow, 

 with a strong orange-yellow tint and large orange-red middle spots as well as brown-red marginal dots. 

 Head, palpi and antenna reddish. Underside of forewing reddish yellow, of hindwing greenish yellow. 



