GOLIAS. By J. RoBEE. 63 



of the forewing being white proximally, yellow at apex, the hindwing being somewhat paler in the S than 

 in the cT. Inhabits Scandinavia and North Russia. Among this so-called original form there occur ab. 

 SChildei Stgr., which is more yellow and has the marginal band narrower, and ab. cretacea Schilde, cf and schildei. 

 ? of which are chalky white above and bluish grey beneath. — In North Germany and Livonia, in the cretacea. 

 Riesen- and Erzgebirge, etc., 'there occurs europome Eap. (= palaeno 0.) (25 a, b). This form is somewhat europome. 

 larger, the cf lemon-yellow above, being below deeper yellow, as is also the ?. The ?? with yellowish 

 upper and more strongly yellow underside are ab. illgneri Billil. — europomene <>. (25 b), from the Ulgneri. 

 European Alps, is somewhat smaller than europome, the marginal band being somewhat narrower and the europomene. 

 underside slightly darker. Specimens of this local form, from which the middle spot of the upperside of 

 the forewing is absent and in which the upperside of the hindwing has a greenish tint, have been described 

 by Caradja as cafflischi. At the same localities there occur further: ab. herrichi .SVi/r. (= werdandi caffUschi. 

 H.-Sch., philomene Dup.), ?? with yellow upperside; ab. OChracea Geest, ?? with golden or ochreous upper- herridii. 

 side; ab. reducta GeeM, ?? with large white submarginal spots; and ab. herrichina Geest, ?? with milky ° ^"'^^"■ 

 yellow upperside, being a transition from ordinary ¥? to herrichi. — orientalis SUjr. inhabits Sibiria and herrichina. 

 Amurland; very similar to europomene, being dark greenish on the underside of the hindwing. — aias orientalis. 

 Fruhst., from Japan, is the largest form oi palaeno, the marginal band of the forewing being very broad (t't^- 

 and the underside rich green. • — pelidnides Sigr. and pelidne Boisd., from North America, will be dealt with 

 among the American Pierids. — Larva sea-green, velvety, bearing minute black dots; a lateral stripe bright 

 yellow edged with black beneath, below the same the white black-edged spiracles; underside and abdominal 

 legs dull green, thoracical legs yellowish, head green; in May on Bog-Vaccinium. Pupa greenish yellow, 

 the back being strongly convex. The buttertly occurs from the end of June till early July on peat-bogs, 

 not being rare (Spuler). 



C. werdandi Zett. (25b, c) is the Scandinavian subspecies, of the North American C. nastes Boisd. werdandi. 

 and occurs also on Nova Semblia. The upperside very pale white-yellow, the distal margin greyish black 

 and narrow, there being proximally to this band a submarginal row of obsolescent contiguous greyish black 

 spots, middle spot of forewing large and black, the fringes being pale red. Underside of forewing dirty 

 white, the middle spot centred with white, before the distal margin a row of blackish cuneate spots ; under- 

 side of hindwing greyish green, the whitish or yellowish middle sj^ot edged with red, the broad marginal 

 band much paler and the whole distal edge rosy red. The ? has hght submarginal spots and darkened 

 hindwing. The following aberrations are found among werdandi: ab. sulphurea Lampa, sulphur-yellow sulplutrea. 

 specimens; ab. immaculata iv«»?7^a, cfcf with submarginal macular band on the forewing; ab. chriestiernssoni immaculata. 

 Lampa (25c), individuals with ochreous or light golden ground-colour; ab. radiata ThuraM (25c), specimens dine- 

 in which the marginal band is missing, but in which the submarginal spots extend streak -bke to the ^ '^^"*^'""' 

 margin; ab. insignata Thurau (25c), almost without markings, only the middle spot of the forewing and i,isjg„a(a 

 the dark dusting at the veins being present; specimens of irerdandi from which the black middle spot of 

 the forewing is completely absent may be called ab. anastigma nov. — Col. nastes and rossii will be dealt anastigma. 

 with among the American Pierids. The species is locally not rare. 



C. COCandica Ersch. (25 d), from Fergana, Issyk-kul and the Tian-shan, is in the d^ greenish yellow cocandica. 

 above, dark-scaled, with black marginal and submarginal bands, and black middle spot on the forewing, 

 the fringes and antenna being reddish. The underside of the forewing is greyish yellow, the apex being 

 dusted with yellow, the middle spot and the small submarginal spots being black, and the costal and distal 

 edges red ; hindwing dark yellowisli green , with broad yellowish distal margin , the reddish-edged middle 

 spot being mother-of-pearl colour and the edge of the entire wing red. The ? is dark yellowish white 

 above, being paler beneath than the cf and bearing stronger markings. — ab. galba Gr.-Grsh. is a yellow galba. 

 form of the ?; — ab. hybrida Gr.-Grsh. is nuich less yellow, being presumably a hybi'id between cocandica hybrida. 

 and eogene. — maja Gr.-Grsh., from Boro Ghoro and the Alps of Korla, is larger, and lighter in colour, the maja. 

 cf being less green, and the ? almost white. — grumi Alph., from the Nan-shan, is lighter, the hindwing grumi. 

 beneath being blue-grey, not greenish. — tamerlana Stgr. {= obscura Aust.) (25 d), from the Eastern tamer/ana. 

 Tian-shan, is large and very dark. — mongola Alph., from the South - Eastern Altai and North -Western mongola. 

 Mongolia, is very similar to tamerlana, differing especially in the light band in the costal area of the hind- 

 wing being wider and more whitish. — elwesi nom. nov. (to replace the preoccupied name leechi Elw.), from elwesi. 

 Ladak, is lemom-yellow in the cT. 



C. melinos Ev. (25 d), from the Altai, Sajan, Kentei, and Amurland, is slightly yellowish white me//nos. 

 above, the greyish black marginal band often divided hy pale-scaled veins, the greyish black submarginal 

 band more or less developed, the black middle spot of the forewing large, and the yellowish middle spot 

 of the hindwing diffuse and rather indistinct. The ? is impure white above, with the blackish markings 

 more strongly developed. The cT' is impure white on the underside of the forewing, the apex being light . 

 yellow and the black middle spot centred with white; hindwing light yellow, with dark speckles, the reddish- 

 edged middle spot being the colour of mother-of-pearl; the ? deeper yellow at the apex of forewing and 

 on the whole hindwing; the fringes reddish above and below in both sexes. — herzi Stgr. (=; melinos herzi. 



