COLIAS. By J. Robee. 65 



with white middle spot and a band of white submarginal spots. The underside is grey-green, with black 

 middle spot on the forewing and a white one on the hindwing. The ? ditFers only in the somewhat larger 

 light submarginal spots on both wings. The specimens from the Alexander Mts. have the reddish brown 

 area of the forewing brighter and the underside more yellowish. 



C. ladakensis Fldr. (= shipkee Moore), from Eastern Ladak, is rich sulphur-yellow, \vith black ladakensis. 

 middle spot ; the yellow markings situated at the distal margin are similar to those of cocandica, the fringes 

 are chequered with red and yellowish. 



C. hyale L. (= palaeno Esp.) (25 g) occurs throughout the Palaearctic Region, with the exception liyate. 

 of the Polarregion and the Canary Islands, having developed into several local forms. In name-typical 

 (Central-Europeen) hi/alr the upperside of the cf is more or less light lemon-yellow, with the black marginal 

 and submarginal bands more or less complete on both wings; the black middle spot of the forewing large, 

 in centre of hindwing an orange-yellow double spot; base of wings more or less dusted with black. The 

 underside is iu'ight yellow, being somewhat hghter on the forewing, with small marginal and larger sub- 

 marginal red-brown spots; the midtUe spot of the forewing black with pale centre, the hindwing bearing a 

 double spot which is mother-of-pearl colour , encircled .by a double ring of red-brown ; fringes above and 

 beneath, as well as head and antenna red-brown. In the ? the ground-colour of the upperside and the 

 proximal area of the underside of the forewing is white, being shghtly yellowish. There occur the follow- 

 ing aberrations among the name-typical subspecies: ab. uhli Kovats, specimens without yellow submarginal uhli. 

 spots; ab. flava Hhsz, ground-colour light yellow, the yellow marginal spots often very large, forming -a f lava. 

 well-defined band, the hindwing being without black submarginal spots; ab. inversa AJph., the yellow form inversa. 

 of the ?; ab. apicata Tutt, specimens in which the yellow submarginal spots are missing, except the apical apicata. 

 spot; ab. obsoleta Tutt, specimens from which the dark markings of the hindwing are nearly absent; — obsoleta. 

 intermedia Tutt has only the marginal row of black spots, the submarginal spots being wanting; — intermedia. 

 unimaculata Tutt has oiily one instead of two orange spots in the middle of the hindwing; — pallida unimacnlata. 

 Tutt are individuals with dull middle spot to the hindwing ; ab. emarginata nov. are specimens which ^^f/^f^-^^^^^ 

 entirely lack the black marginal spots of the hindwing, the black marginal and submarginal spots of the ' *'" 

 forewing at the same time being reduced; — in nigrofasciata Gr.-Grsh., apparently found only in South '"^w- 

 Russia, "the dark margin is very broad and has no spots ; — Ribbe found in the Sierra d'Alfacar (Andalusia) /««««^«- 

 an aberration which he calls alfacariensis: o"' hghter yellow, the underside of the hindwing being more alfacariensis. 

 greyish yellow, ? above greenish white, similar to edma ab. helke but with smaller black markings, the 

 underside also being very similar to that of helke ; — in simplex Neuburger the black apical marking on simplex. 

 the upperside of the forewing is small; — ab. radiiformis Schultz (= radiata Geest) has prolonged ray-like radiifonnis. 

 submarginal spots on the upperside of both wings and of the underside of the hindwing; — ab. ')un\or junior. 

 Geest are cfcf with the middle of the upperside of the forewing golden yellow; — in atava Reutti the atava. 

 upperside is completely dusky, only the black middle spot of the forewing and the light middle spot of the 

 hindwing being distinctly contrasting. — From Europe only one local form is known: sareptensis Stgr. sareptensis. 

 (25 g), from South Russia, Persia, and Central Asia; in this form the cfcf are very rich yellow; the ground- 

 colour of the ?? is fight yellow, and the submarginal macular band is broader and longer; Staudingek 

 believes this form to be a hybrid (cross with crate). — In the eastern part of the Region there occur: alta alia. 

 Stgr. (26a) in South Fergana, a large form with a broad black marginal band; - poliographus Motsch. poUographus. 

 (= simoda Orza) (26 a) in China and Japan, a usually larger form, being sometimes gigantic, the cf deeper 

 yellow, the ? also more yellow, the black marginal markings being strongly developed in both sexes. Among 

 this form there occur as aberrations: hera Gr.-Grsh. (26a) are yellow ??, and chrysocoma Gr.-Grsh. golden hera. 

 yeUow specimens. — elwesii Btlr., Milxmrata Btlr., anA pallem Btlr. are likewise aberrations, which are y^q\^ chrysocoma. 

 sharply defined; — lemon-yellow cfcf and similarly coloured ?? belong to ab. elwesii; — ab. subaurata is very elwesii. 

 similar to elwesii, but the fight submarginal spots are better defined and the ground-colour is slightly shaded subaurata. 

 with grey; — ab. pallens differs from hyale "especially in its lesser size (among East Asiatic specimens), pa//(?n5. 

 narrower forewing and the pale submarginal spots". — Also in India and Africa there occur local forms of 

 hyale. — In Central Europe this species has two broods; the butterflies are on the wing in spring and 

 again late in the summer, the insect not being rare at suitable localities, though by no means one of 

 the commoner butterthes. In East Asia, on the contrary, it is very common, being there much more 

 variable; this district therefore appears to be the true home of the insect. The butterflies are difficult to 

 catch on account of their fast, continuous and erratic flight. During the nuptial flight the insects prove 

 themselves to be real artists in flying. — Egg bottle-shaped, whitish, with yellowish brow stripes. Larva 

 bluish green or grass-green, velvety, there being on the back two rows of blackish dots which are traversed 

 by two thin yeUow longitudhial fines, above the legs a yellow or reddish longitudinal side-fine, head dark 

 green; on species of Vetch, Trefoil and such-like plants; the autumnal larvae without black dorsal spots. 

 Pupa green, with yellow lateral fines (Spuler). 



C. erate Esp. (:= nerieni F. d. W.) (26 b) occurs in South Russia and the whole Palaearctic portion erate. 

 of Asia. Both sexes are deep yellow, the cf being broadly margined with black, not bearing fight sub- 



