GOLIAS. By J. RciBER. 67 



with reddish yellow in the ?. The ? has the hindmng darkened, not much being left of the golden 

 red ground-colour besides the large middle spot. Underside of cf yellow, proximalh' on the forewing 

 orange- red; the ? greenish yellow on the hindwng, the forewing being proximally more strongly orange- 

 red. — The white form of the ? bears the name cana Gr.-Grsh.; — erythas (h-.-Grsh., from the Eastern cana. 

 Pamir and Southern Fergana, is lighter in colour, the marginal band being narrower: — elissa Gr.-Grsh. ^''yt'^^s. 

 (== flavescens Rfihl), is still more yellow than erythas, but otherwise hardly different; — arida Alph. (26 e), -y ' 

 from the Lob-nor and Kuku-nor, is paler than eogene, the apex of the forewing being more rounded ; among 

 this form there occur as aberrations aurithetne Gr.-Grsh.: ?? with yellow-spotted distal margin, and wanda auritheme. 

 Gr.-Grsh.: light-coloured c/c/; — stoliczkana Moore, from Ladak, Southern Amdo and Southern Fergana, is ■wanda. 

 a small form of arida, with the colouration of edusa; — leechi Gh:-Grsh. and miranda Fruhst. inhabit Sikkim, ^^ohczkana. 

 therefore being outside the Palaearctic Region. 



C. dubia Fawcrtt, from Tibet, is about as large as siditehna ; the upperside is ochre-yellow, the dubia. 

 costal margin of the forewing being greenish yellow, the distal margin of both wings blackish, bearing 

 yellow wedge-shaped spots, the black middle spot of the forewing diffuse and the ochre-yeUow middle spot 

 of the hindwing large. The underside is green, the proximal portion of the forewing ochre-yellow, the sub- 

 marginal spots brownish, at their distal side on hindwing small yellowish spots; middle spot brown on 

 forewing, white edged with reddish on hindwing. In the ? the ground-colour of upperside paler, the dark 

 margin of forewing broader, bearing small rounded yellow spots, the hindwing being darkened and bearing 

 a large ochre-yellow middle spot and j^ellowish submarginal spots which vary in size. 



C. thisoa Men. (26 e), from Armenia, Persia and the Tarbagatai district, is light orange-red in the cf, thisoa. 

 being somewhat darker in the ?, with modei'ately broad black distal margins, which are spotted with yellow 

 in the ?; the black middle spot of the forewing variable in size; the large orange-red middle spot of the 

 darkened hindwing of the ? very conspicuous. Underside of hindwing yellow in cf, greyish j-ellow in ?, 

 with the usual Co/?!as-markings , the proximal area of the forewing being more or less pale orange-red. — 

 aeolides Gr.-Grsh. (26 e), from Southern Fergana and the west-side of the Issyk-kul, has a narrower distal aeolides. 

 marginal band and is more greenish beneath, being connected with thisoa bj- intergradations. — Flies at 

 altitudes of from 7000 to 9000 feet from June to August; not rare. 



C. viluiensis Men. {■= chUkana Aust.) (26 f) is pale orange-yellow, with rather narrow h\2ickis\\ vihdensis. 

 distal margin, light-centred middle spot on the forewing and very large, reddisli-brown-edged middle spot 

 on the hindwing. Underside pale yellow; hindwing dusted with greenish, the distal margins being pale 

 blackish, the middle spot of the forewing having a light-coloured centre and the large white middle spot 

 of the hindwing being double and edged with black; ?? red or white, hindwing sometunes almost black. 

 Patria: North-Eastern Siberia. — dahurica Aust., from Dauria (South-Eastern Siberia), has a paler ground- dahurica. 

 colour and more pointed forewing; the ? is said to be similar to the ? of chrysotheme. 



C. lada Gr.-Grsh., from Amdo, is deep yolk-colour, with rather narrow black distal margin, the lada. 

 middle spot of the forewing small; ? with stronglj' darkened hindwing, the posterior portion of the distal 

 margin being conspicuously yellow. 



C. hyperborea Gr.-Grsh., from North-East Siberia (the valleys of the Lena and Jana), is golden red hyperborea. 

 or golden yellow above in the cf , having rarely a bluish gloss ; costal margin of forewing and inner margin 

 of hindwing sulphur-yellow, distal margin of forewing broadly blackish brown, dusted with sulphur-yellow, 

 the "sex-mark" at the costal margin of the hindwing large, elongate, reddish, the black middle spot of the 

 forewing elongate, often large, the middle spot of the hind\ving large, golden red, fringes of forewing rosy 

 red, of hindwing often sulphur-yellow. Underside of forewing hght golden red, paler at the inner margin, 

 greenish sulphur-jellow at the costal and distal margins, very little dusted with black, hindwing greenisii, 

 the silvery middle spot thinly edged with red-brown. The ? is darkened above by greenish or blackish 

 scaling, the distal marginal band bearing 7 sulphur-yellow or yellow spots; hindwing darkened, the distal 

 marginal band with large sulphur or golden yellow spots, which often form a band; fringe and costa of 

 forewing rosy red. The underside of the hindwing yellowish greenish , the veins being bluish , the middle 

 spot silvery, small, and thinly edged with red-brown. — Flies in June and Jul}. 



C. sulitelma Auriv. (= hecla Stgr., boothii H.-Sch., citrina Stgr.) (26 f) is the North-European form sulitelma. 

 of hecla from Greenland. The upperside is pale orange-red ; the marginal band is naiTow and without spots 

 in the cf, being broader and strongly spotted with yellow in the ?; middle spot of forewing black, that of 

 hindwing orange-yellow, inconspicuous in d', but sliarply marked in ?, the hindwing of the ? being darkened. 

 Underside of hindwing yeUow in cf, darkened by fuscous scaling, greenish grey in ?, with conspicuous 

 white or reddish middle spot, the proximal portion of the (oiewing reddish yellow. — ab. sandahli Lampa sandahli. 

 is a light ochre-yellow form ; in Norway (Alten) there occur also specimens with the ground-colour sulphur- 

 yellow: ab. sulphurea nov. — orientalis Gr.-Grsh., from South-Eastern Siberia, is larger, and the ? has larger sulphurea. 

 sulphur-yellow marginal spots; this is perhaps a separate species. — C. sulitelma is common in some localities, orientalis. 



