118 OENEIS. By Dr. A. Seitz. 



cell therefore longer; the costal margin very straight, likewise the hindmargin of the forewing. The liind- 

 wing rounded, sometimes with undulate or feebly dentate edge, with almost straight costal margin. The thinly 

 scaled wings are pale yellow or sooty brown, bearing an often indistinct distal band with dot-like ocelli. 

 The hindwing beneath often minutely striated, traversed by light veins and usually crossed by a dark 

 median band. — The eggs, as far as known, are elongate, light in colour, with longitudinal ribs which 

 stand close together. The laiwae are remarkably like those of saw-flies; they have a large globular head, 

 and are rather stout, strongly tapering behind and bearing 2 short anal processes. The colour is a dull 

 green-brown or yellowish green, with longitudinal markings. They feed on grasses, grow very slowly, and 

 sometimes hibernate twice before turning into the chrysalis. The latter free on the ground, rounded otf in 

 all directions, the wing-cases being often dark. The buttertlies are on the wing in sunshine at the edge 

 of woods and on rocky slopes, occurring in the South of their area only at considerable altitudes, in the 

 North in the plains. The very heavj'-bodied ?? fly but rarely. The butterflies settle on the stems of trees 

 and on rocks, with the wings closed above the back, being very difficult to perceive on account of the 

 underside resembling stones or the bark of pines. There is no doubt that most of the 50 odd different 

 forms known are but races of a small number of species, but how they belong together cannot be ascer- 

 tained with certainty before the early stages are better known. The genus is circumpolar, being restricted 

 to the North of the Palaearctic and N^earctic Regions. A few South American alpine butterflies which have 

 hitherto been placed in Oeueig, are, we think, l)etter removed from it. The greatest number of species 

 occur in the Altai, Scandinavia and Canada. The most imposing forms are chtyxus and especially r/igos, a 

 variety of nevadensh from the Pacific coast of North America; the smallest form is ■•'cn/rja from South 

 Siberia, many specimens not being larger than Coenonympha tiphon. 



jutta. O. jutta Hbn. (= balder H.-Seh.) (40a). One of the largest and most denselj* scaled species. cT 



with a black scent-streak interrupted by the veins and placed below the cell of the forewing, entering the 

 lower angle of the same. Upperside sooty brown; before the margin a row of ochre-jellow spots, which, 

 in the ?, approach each other so as to nearlj' touch (being united to a band in American specimens). In 

 these spots there are ocelli, wdiich are nearly alwajs without pupds: one in the apex and another above 

 the hind angle of the forewing, and a third before the anal angle of the hindwing. Between the 2 ocelli 

 of the forew'ing there appears usually a small accessory dot, placed before the centre of the distal margin, 

 and on the hindwing 1 or 2 additional ocelli may also occur before the distal margin. The underside 

 of the forewing similar to the upper, but the ochreous spots more washed out; the hindwing beneath so 

 densely pencilled with dark transversely that the dark sinuous median band hardly contrasts with the 

 ground. Scandinavia, North Russia, and Siberia; in Europe southward to Konigsberg, in Asia as far soutli 



balden, as the upper Jenissei and Amurland; also in North America. — The Livonian ab. balderi Hbn. (= balder 

 Bdr.), which flies not infrequently among nymotypical specimens, has fewer and less prominent ocelli, 



magna, and is considerably smaller than the ordinary North-European form , all transitions occurring. — magna 

 Grrif-s. is the large Asiatic race, whose cfcf have no scent-stripe below the cell. — Egg elongate, with 

 longitudinal ribs. The larva leather-brown, with dark longitudinal lines and brown head. Pupa dull ivory 

 yellow, the wing-cases being but slightly darker. The buttertlies occur in June and July at the edge of 

 woods and prefer to settle on the branches of willows and on flowers: they are rare at the southern 

 boundary, for instance in North-East Germany, being considerably more abundant in the high North. The 

 flight is rather fast; the resting butterfly is not shj' and is easy to catch. 



mii//a. O. mulla Stijr. But little smaller than the large race of jnffn. Both wings rather dark brown, with 



a broad ochreous distal band, which bears no spots on the hindwing, but has 2 — 3 eye-dots on the fore- 

 wing: a large one near the apex and 1 — 2 usually smaller ones further down; cell of forewing above light 

 in cT. Hindwing below usually without distinctly white veins, with a dark median band which is diffuse at 

 its proximal edge on account of the dense pencilling and is constricted below the cell; from Tarbagatai. — 



elwesi. The form elwesi St(j}: (= mulla Klir.) (40a) flies in the Altai; it is smaller and darker, the ? being almost 

 coffee-brown. The median band of the underside of the hindwing bears small teeth on the distal side and 

 the distal area is dusted with whitish along the band. At a considerably altitude, flying at rocks, local, 

 the ?? not abundant, end of June and July. The butterflies closely resemble on the wing Safi/ni!< Idppolyii', 

 of which a small local form occurs in the same localit}'. 

 tarpeja. O. tarpeja Fall. {-^= celimene Cr., vacuna Gr.-Grsh.) (40 a, b). Rather constant, above houej'-yellow, 



the distal edge of the wings brown-grey, before the same a row of 4—5 heavv black dots on each wing. 

 Beneath the forewing as above, but there is a grey cloud in the cell of the d', such scahng being present 

 also around the ceU in the ?. Hindwing beneath with white veins, the base bearing dark clouds, which 

 often are united with the dark median band. The latter mostly bordered broadly with white anteriorly and 

 posteriorly. Very widely distrijiuted, from South Russia across the Kirghiz steppe and the Kuku-nor district 



lederi. to Dauria; not rare, in June. — ab. lederi Alph. (40b) has the ground dull milky white or creamy; from 

 Mongolia. — The larva of alhffta from Canada, which many Lepidopterists consider to be the American 

 form of tarpeja, is dark olive-green, with heavy brown straight longitudinal lines. The pupa has the 



