SATYRUS. By Dr. A. Seitz. 123 



also above, while ab. lativitta Leech (41c) has a white cell-stripe also on the upperside of the forewing, lativitta. 

 the upperside of the hindwing being quite white, except the broad black distal margin. — In western 

 China (at Wa-shan and Ta-tsien-lu) and in Tibet, rare, in .June and July. 



S. Circe F. (= proserpina W. V) (41 e). Above deep black, with distinct apical ocellus, the spots cine. 

 forming the band ovate and contiguous. Underside marmorated with grey, often variegated with yellowish 

 or brownish. The whole of South Europe, northward to Central Germany (Kassel), and tVom I'ortugal 

 eastwards to the Libanon and Mesopotamia. — As asiatica fn-m. nov. (41 e) we designate the form of the asiatiai. 

 higher paiis of the Taurus, in which the connection between the spots of the forewing is very narrow and 

 the rather narrow band of the hindwing is externally saw-like, bearing pointed teeth. — Also a melanotic 

 form with the ])and obsolescent is known: ab. silenus Sfgr. — Larva yellowish brown, with a hght-bordered silenns. 

 dark dorsal line, the dirty yellow head being variegated with dark; on the paler sides there are alternately 

 lighter, darker and reddish longitudinal lines; it hves till .lune on grasses (Lohum, Anthoxanthum odo- 

 ratum, etc.) and turns into a chrysalis which hes free on the ground and is thick in the centre and 

 narrowed to a point at both ends, being of a purple brown colom- and showing on the wing-cases a chani 

 of yellowish windows aljout in the place of the white band of the forewing. The butterflies are on the 

 wing from July till September, flying with preference on grassy inclines where single oak-trees grow, and 

 settle on bare places on the ground, mole-hills and on tree-trunks, always with the head upwards and the 

 wings tightly closed and placed one over the other, the underside being adapted to the bark of trees. They 

 rarely visit flowers, and then usually thistles, but one more often finds them on damp places on the roads. 

 The flight of the d'd' is slow, searching, but tumbling and rather fast when disturbed. In South Europe 

 the species appears to occur everywhere very commonly, and it is still very abundant also in southern 

 •Germany (Darmstadt), being but rare in the north, extending to Waldeck and the Harz Mts.; more 

 al)undant and stronger in the west, near Toulouse for instance in giant specimens. At the south coast of 

 Europe the species occurs in countless numbers; I counted once near Genoa more than 30 specimens on one tree. 



S. hermione L. (= fagi Scop:) (41 f). The ground-colour washed with glossy brown, as is also the hennione. 

 light band, especially in the apical area of the forewing and in the cfcT. Hindwing beneath marmorated, 

 ])ai'k-like in markings, variegated with yellowish bi'own. Distinguished from alr/jone especially on the under- 

 side by the band of the hindwing being moi-e strongly shaded and jjeing covered with striae and speckles, 

 the dark basal area penetrating into the band in a roundish, often double arc. South and Central Europe, 

 from France to the Balcan peninsula, northward to Central Ciermany. — In Anterior Asia (Syria, Mesopot- 

 amia) there occurs the foini syriaca St<jr. (42a), in which the ])and of the forewing is narrower, being synrtcrt. 

 entirely obsolete in the anal area of the hindwing. — In the still darker cypriaca Stgr., from Cyprus, the cypriaca. 

 band is almost obsolete. — Transitional forms to these are described by Fruhstorfek as tetrica from tctrica. 

 Saratow, the very dull band of the upperside being shaded with slaty-grey scahng, the upperside therefore 

 being still darker than in cjipriaca, while the underside is somewhat lighter. — The same author gives the 

 name attikana to Greek specimens, which are in the degree of darkening of the upperside intermediate nttikann. 

 between nymotypical hennione and ctipriura. — Larva brown-grey, with dirty yellow head marked with 

 black, an anteriorly indistinct black dorsal hue and dark smears on the sides; till June on grasses. Pupa 

 dark brown, the wing-cases Hghter. The butterflies are on the wing in July and August, occurring especially 

 at the edge of woods and in clearings , where they love to settle on the trunks of the forest-giants ; they 

 are locally abundant (especially in South Germany and in South Europe), and fly often in the same places as cin 



IVY'. 



S. alcyone W. V. (= hermione minor Esp., jurtina HHJn) (42 a). Similar to the preceding, but mostly alcyone. 

 smaller; on the underside the deep dark basal area of both wings contrasts much more sharply with the 

 liglit band, and the latter, which is almost pure white on the hindwing, contrasts again conspicuously with 

 the broad dark distal margin. The conspicuousness of the pattern on the underside of the hindwing is 

 especially noticeable in the cf, but even in the duller coloured ? the band on the hindwing beneath is still 

 quite distinct, although sparsely irrorated with black. South and Central Europe, occurring much further 

 north than the preceding, extending to Hamburg and Pommerania, also in Asia Minor. — In South Spain 

 the species is represented b\- vandalusica Obcrtlh {AQa), which has a narrower, but sharply marked band. — vandaluska. 

 In the somewhat smaller pyrenaea Ohcrth. the band of the forewing above, though somewhat shaded, h iivrenaea. 

 rather l)road, being rather narrow on the hindwing; from the French Pyrenees, at higher altitudes. — As 

 ab. vernetensis Obekthijr figures an aberration from the Pyrenees in which the brown basal area extends vernetensis. 

 far into the proximally widened white band of the hindwing on account of the cell being entirely brown, 

 with which pattern corresponds a peculiar black design on the underside. — The largest form is the Algerian 

 ellena Oberfh. (42 a), which occurs at the coast near Bona and Philippeville and in the Kabylie, but is not ellena. 

 very al^undant. The band of this race is light, but instead of being straight proximally has an irregular 

 and undulate proximal edge. — Larva ivory-yellow, with a dark dorsal stripe and light side-stripes, the 

 head being dirty yellow marked with black, on the sides dark smear-like stripes; till the end of May on 

 Brachypodhnn pinnatum. The butterfly occurs from June till September in sandy localities, with preference 



