134 PARARfiE. By Dr. A. Sf.itz. 



thibetana. P. thibetana Oiniih. (45 a, bj. .Much larger than I he preceding; above dark brown, in the c/ with 



pale and obsolescent, in the 2 with red-yellow, partly confluent, spots in the apical area of the forewing; on 

 the rest of the upperside, especially on the hindwing. the markings of the underside shine through. These 

 markings consist of angular spots and dark rings on an ivory-yellow ground, the forewing having a reddish 

 yellow tint before the hind-angle. The individuals are rather variable in the markings of the apex of the 

 forewing above, but are at once recognized by the peculiar under surface. — In West China and Tibet, 

 from .lune till August, very common and widely distributed, up to 10000 ft. 



episcopalis. P. episcopalis Oberfli. (45b). Black-broNvn . with chequered fringes, before the apex an undulate 



white oblique band: d" with a purple-brown tint on the disc of the forewing. Underside of hindwing similar 

 to that of mneni. — In the same localities as thibcfri>irt : in West China and Tibet, widely distributed and 

 plentiful, in rocky places, from June till August. 



praeusta. P. praeusta Leech (45 b). Similar to the preceding, but the oblique subapical band is not white but 



reddish j'ellow and projects towards the distal margin below the apical ocellus in the shape of a large tooth. 



— Distributed throughout West China, and common, from June till August. 



roxelana. P. roxelana Cr. (45 c). The largest hDvin/'-, with the margin of the hindwing strongly dentate, 



especially in the ?. cf black-brown. ? grey-brown, with the disc of the forewing reddish yellow. Underside 

 of forewing fiery yellowish red witli the margins grey-brown : hindwing beneath with dark dentate lines and 

 a curved row of unequal ocelli beyond the centre. — From South-East Hungary to the Black Sea. on the 

 Balcan Peninsula, Cyprus, in Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, in the plains as well as the mountains, in June 

 and July, not rare. 



cUmene. P. climene Exp. (= clymene 0.. synclimene Hbyu) (45c). Much smaller than the preceding, the 



hindwing not so large as compared with the forewing as in rorehinn , with the distal margin non-dentate. 

 OcelH of the hindwing beneath much smaller and less distinct on a unicolorous ground. On the lo-wer parts 

 of the Danube and Volga, in South Russia, Turkey and Asia Jlinor, said to occur also in the Altai-district. — 

 roxnndrn. roxandra H.-Schciff'. (^ caucasica Xordm.). from Armenia, is beneath brighter and more variegated, there 

 being a white silky spot at the apex of the cell of the hindwing. — The butterthes occur in May and 

 Jime: they are true insects of tlie steppes, being also not rare in the plains, especially in ston^• places, and 

 resemble an Ephifphelc when on the wing. 



eversmanni. P. eversmanni AV. (45c). Upperside orange-yellow, the margins and some spots in the apex, at 



the end of the cell and in the centre of the distal mai-gin of the forewing black, the upperside being more 

 extended black in the S. Underside of hindwing marmorated with grey, bearing a median band and white 

 cashmirensis. spots. In Central Asia: the Mts. of Turkestan, the Pamir and Altai. — cashmirensis ^[ool■e (45 o. from 

 Kashmir, has the basal area of the forewing and the whole hindwing except the eye-rings dulled \\\\\\ dark 

 iinicolor. brown. — ab. unicolor (rr.-Grsh.. from Bokhara, lias the marginal band of the forewing narrower and paler, 

 beneath almost obsolete: the underside of the hindwing is brownish yellow, not being variegated with grey. 



— Sporadic and ffenerallv in single specimens, being plentiful only in some mountain-passes (Kok-sul, from 

 May till July. 



megera. P. mcgcra L. [-— xiphie fiowr/. /y/.i (45di. Above reddish yellow, with a black mark which traverses 



the distal band from the cell of the forewing to the abdominal margin of the hindwing, short black stripes 



crossing the disc and the cell of the forewing. Hindwing beneath rather evenly marmorated with brown. 



Throughout Europe, from the west coast (incl. of England) to Asia Minor. Persia and the Ural. — The form 



mediolugens. mediolugens Fuchs has the black median stripe of the forewing strongly broadened, the stripe also being 



more glossy and deeper black, so that the aspect of the insect is quite changed, which already is easily 



noticed when on the wing; local on the Middle Rhine, in the lanes of the vinyards at the Bergstrasse the 



megaerina. prevalent form in some places. — megaerina H.-Schdff. on the other hand has the black markings of the 



lyssa. uppei-side reduced: from Armenia. — lyssa fi'»/sr/. (45 d) has the underside of the hindwing purer, not being 



variegated with In-own and the markings being less numerous and thinner: from the Balcan Peninsula and 



tigelius. Asia Minor. — In tigelius Bon. {— pai-amegera Hbn) (45 d) the black stripe which traverses the reddish 

 yellow distal band of the upperside is absent ; the underside of the hindwing is variegated with brown, but 

 the ashy gre\- middle band, which is bordered on each side by a dark dentate line, contrasts with the very 

 confusedly marked surface of the wing: Sardinia and Corsica, — Egg elliptic, whitish green, with pale 

 reticulation. Larva pale green, with a pale-edged dark dorsal line and bluish green head; lateral stripe white, 

 washed with yellow : stigmata yellow : all through the summer on grasses. Pupa yellowish brown or brownish 

 grey, an obtuse protuberance on the back. The butterflies are on the wing from the end of April till Sep- 

 tember, on gravel-paths, dunes, etc.. affecting precipices and walls. One nearly always meets with some cf cf 

 on the stony summit of bare hills. The flight is strongly tottering, irregular, but rather swift. The butter- 

 flies show a preference for resting on flowers, stones or clods of sand, the wings being held half open. 

 Towards evening they congregate in holes and fissures of rocks, in which sometimes dozens may be found 



