EPINEPHELE. By Dr. A. Skitz. 137 



in tint, the pattern consisting of some ocelli which may be pupilled. — The larvae are spindle-shaped, with a 

 small globular head and a very minute velvety pubescence. They hibernate, and feed on grass, changing into 

 a pupa which lies on the ground being protected by some threads of silk, and has a short abdomen bearing 

 at the tip a small biusli. 1'here is only one brood. The butterflies have a flapping, somewhat jerky flight, 

 and settle on flowers or the leaves of bushes always with the wings closed. The genus extends from the 

 west coast of Europe through Europe and Asia to the Paciflc coast; not yet found in North Africa. 



A. maculosa l.icch (45 g). Forewing above and beneath with 3 eye -rings; hindwing above with 2, maculosa. 

 beneath with 5 eye-rings; all the ocelli without ocelli above. — Chang-Yang, singly, in July. 



A. arvensis (Jbrr/li. (ibg). Similar to the preceding; forewing on both sides as a rule with but 2 arvcnsis. 

 eye-spots, which are unequal in size. Ocelli of both wings partly pupilled also above. From West China: Mupin, 

 Wa-shan. etc. — The form campana Lefch, from Ta-tsien-lu. is darker above and has much smaller ocelli, campann. 

 ( )n the underside of the hindwing there is a white spot before the costal ocellus and the white distal band 

 which interrupts the chain of ocelli is lighter and more prominent. In May and June. 



A. hyperantus /.. (= polymeda Hhn.) (46a) Uniformly dark brown above, with ligiit fringes, hyperantus. 

 beneath dusted with yellowish and bearing thin eye-rings. Europe, from Finland to the Mediterranean, and 

 from the Atlantic coast to East Asia*), — In ab. arete Mi'tll. (46a) the small rings of the underside are arete. 

 reduced to small pale dots, while in lanceolafa they are drawn out transversely; arete is nearly evei-y where 

 rather rare among the nymotypical form, being more |)lentiful in certain restricted localities. — In ab. caeca caeca. 

 Fiichs also these dots are absent. — In East Asia occurs the larger form ocellatUS Bflr. (= amurensis Sl(/i:) ocellatus. 

 (46 a), in which the rings are considerably widened. From Amurland and Korea. — The form from the 

 highest North, which we figure as arctica /o; /«. //o*-. (46 a), is quite smaU. — As bieti Oberfh. specimens are bieti. 

 sold and .stand in collections with the small rings filled in with white dots, which usually are also visible '""f''^"- 

 on the upperside. The true bieti of Oberthur, however, does not show this character, being nothing but a 

 small discoloured ln/peraiitii.s-form which ap])ears to be identical with minor I^Hchf: from Oberstdorf, as already 

 suggested by Ruhl. The form witli the white eye-centres, which is figured 46a, therefore would have to 

 receive another name, and we propose to call it centrifera uom. not: (46 a). — Larva grey-green or yellow- centrifera. 

 ish brown, with dark dorsal line and yellow side-stripe; till June on Poa annua and other grasses. This 

 is one of the commonest l)utterflies in temperate Europe. 



19. Genus: £piuephele Hb"- 



The Palearctic forms of this genus, about 70 of which have recived names, belong to about 25 spe- 

 cies, whose relationship to one another is not yet well known in very instance. They are closely related to 

 Satyrus. The antennae are delicate, gradually incrassate, and without distinct club. The palpi ai'e strongly 

 bristly and project a head's length. E\ es naked. Body weak in comparison with the width of the wings, the 

 abdomen of the ?? not nearly so stout as for instance in Erebia, Oeneis, etc. Forewing very broad, with the 

 costal margin stongly convex, the subcostal very strongly and the median a little less inflated at the base; the 

 submedian, though a little incrassate at the base, is not inflatetl. The anal angle of the hindwing often very 

 strongly produced, the external margin being excised above the angle. 



The species of Fypineplwle are medium-sized to rather small dark brown and russet-yellow butter- 

 flies, which have as a rule only one ocellus on the upperside. On the hindwing beneath there occur often 

 smaller ocelli, which exceptionally appear in certain forms in whole rows. Since they are equally often 

 absent, quite a numbei- of names have been published. As such diffei-ences in the ocelli are of no impor- 

 tance whatever among the Satyrids — this variation has lately been attributed to atmospheric differences — , 

 we have abstained from enumerating the named aberrations and from adding to the list according to oui' 

 materials, which contain an abundance ot aberrations in the eye-spots. Otherwise a large number of new 

 names would have to be proposed , as we have , for instance, of E. Janiruides specimens with 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 

 and 6 ocelli, the individuals having all been caught at the same place, ))artly in the same yar. 



Nearly all the Epiiiephele are plentiful at their flight-places, some even occumng in great abundance. 

 They fly about on sunny grassy slopes and on meadows; both sexes have an equally light, low and hopping 

 flight, the wings being altei'nately opened and completely closed. They visit flowers of all kinds, especially 

 Umbellifers, and keep the wings usually tightly closed when at rest. They have only one brood, which extends, 

 however, mostly over a large part of the summer. Their green larvae have a minute velvety pubescence, 

 with the head globulai- and the anal processes short. They feed on grasses, being concealed during the day, 

 and hibernate as young larvae. The pupa mostly green, suspended dose to the ground. 



") Tlie species extends; tu llie pacilir coast, but not to Japan, 'fiic statenitiil lliat is oucins llieiv was ceitainly occas- 

 ioned by tbe large .lapanese Coeii. oedipii.i having been confounded with it. 



