COENONYMPHA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 143 



20. Genus: Coeiiouyniplia JIhn. 



Small dull-coloured butterflies, having sometimes, however, on the underside of the wings some shining 

 metallic lines or e3'e-piipils. Eye naked. Palpus long, upright, pointed, witli long bristling hairs. Antenna 

 delicate, less than half the lengtli of the costa, almost impercepti])ly thickened at the tip. Subcostal, median 

 and submedian veins inflated at the base to a fusiform bladder. The upper and middle discocellulars together 

 form an angle directed towards the base, from the apex of which a small branch penetrates into the cell. 

 Hind wing almost circular, rarely with a slightly undulating margin, sometines produced at the anal angle- 



The Coenonjinipha are yellowish brown to dark brown, seldom whitish, butterflies, and have no ocelli 

 on the upperside, but sometimes possess one apical ocellus and some ocelli on the hindwing. The under- 

 side of the hindwing is usually adapted to grey sand, or bears, especially in the species inhabiting woods, 

 a number of oceUi, sometimes beautifully pupilled. 



The larvae are delicate, green, with a globular head, and are pointed behind, living on grass; many 

 hibernate. The pupa is green or grey and hangs suspended near the ground on stalks or stones. While 

 a few species belong to the commonest of all the butterflies known, others only occur as great rarefies, 

 sometimes in well explored countries in which they were unknown before. The area of their distribution 

 is mostly very large; one species, ('. tiphon in various local forms, seems to occur all round the Earth. — 

 70 forms are known to-day, which are limited in their occurrence to the Palaearctic region and Central 

 and North America. Most of the species have only one brood, but some have numerous broods, which overlap. 



C. oedippus F. (= oedipus 0., geticus Esp., pylarge lllni.) (48 a). Without markings on the upper- oedippus. 

 side, dark sooty brown. Underside rusty brown washed with yellow; on the hindwing one ocellus before 

 the apex and a straight row of pale-edged ocelli before the distal margin. In Central Europe, very sporadic, 

 in Belgium, France, Northern Italy, Austria, Hungary; in Southern Russia and the Ural Mts. ab. miris F. miris. 

 has on the underside of the forewing an increased number of enlarged ocelli ; among the nymotypical form. — 

 amurensis Biihl (48 a) is considertibly larger, on the upperside especially dark-coloured, with a very distinct nmumisis. 

 metallic line on the underside; from Eastern Siberia, particularly Amurland. — annulifer Btlr. (48a) is still annnlifcr. 

 lai'ger, the ocelli on the underside strongly eidarged, sometimes elongated transversely; Japan. ~ Larva 

 pale green with a dark dorsal line and light lateral stripe ; head dark olive-green. From July until May on 

 reeds (said to feed also on Iris). Pupa j-ellowish green with the caputal processes brownish and the wing-cases 

 yellowish with pale l)orders. The butterflies are on the wing in June and July ; they have a hopping 

 flight and are found in damp meadows, especially such as are occasionally flooded. There tliey prefer stony 

 hillocks. They are generally not numerous in their flight places and the latter are not always accessible 

 because often situated in swamps. 



C. hero L. (48b). On the upperside resembles the preceding, smaller and just as dark, but on the hero. 

 hindwing 2 or 3 ocelli shine through from beneath as yello^vish brown rings. On the underside itself the 

 ocelli are placed in orange rings, and on their basal side there is a straight white line, which is thickened 

 into knots on the veins. Northern and Central Europe and the whole of Northern Asia, from Sweden as 

 far as the Alps, and from Belgium eastwards to the Pacific Ocean and Japan, ab. stolida ScJtifde, from stotida. 

 Scandinavia, is smaller and darker, and the forewing bears a wliite distal band on their underside. In ab. 

 perseis Led. (z= sibirica iS/f/r.) (48a), which in Eastern Asia occurs among the nymotj'pical form, but locallj' perseis. 

 also flies alone, the white band before the row of ocelli on the underside of the hindwing is much widened. — 

 FKunsTORFKR Separates from this form, as neoperseis, the specimens from Hokkaido, which are larger. — In ab. twoperscis. 

 areteoides FoL, which is recorded from Belgium, the ocelli on the hindwing are obsolete. — Larva pale green, areteoides. 

 on Ijme-grass (Elymus) and wood-grasses. In Europe the butterflies are on the wing in June and July, in Eastern 

 Asia according to Graeskr in two broods: in woods of leaved trees and in meadows overgrown with bushes. The 

 specimens of hero rise higher in the air in their flight than the pale species oi Vocnoiujmpiha, and slightly recall 

 small Erebias; they occur more singly and usuallj' very locally, and one does not easilj' catch more than a 

 few specimens in one day. 



C. nolckeni Erseh. (481)). Larger, upper side dark washed with a coppery tint; the disc of the fore- nohiieni. 

 wing a dark copper-colour, hindwing black with a fiery copper-coloured distal margin. Underside dark yellowish 

 grey, the disc of the forewing and margin of the hindwing coppery-red; forewing with but few ocelli, hindwing 

 with a complete row before the margin. — Ferghana. In meadows and open spaces in woods, in May and 

 June, common. 



C. myops .S7r/r. Above quite similar to Erehia lappoiia, forewing with a strong coppery sheen. The myops. 

 underside also recalls Erehia; forewing \\\W\ a large apical ocellus, hindwing with a dark median band, 

 beyond which are the ocelli reduced to light dots. From Ala-tau and the Altai Mts. — tekkensis >^tgr. (48 b), tekkensis. 

 from the Achal-Tekke district, has a larger, more pronounced apical ocellus on the upperside of the forewing 

 also; the ground-colour of tiie underside of the hindwing is so much darkened that the median band is hardty 

 distinct. End of July. 



