APATURA. By H. Stichel. ■ 161 



fluent (Moore), nh. bhavana Moore lias hut 2 white subapical spots on the forewing, the distal spots being bhavana. 

 represented on both wings J)y a reddish brown band of lumilcs, and the bkic ghiss more reduced in extent. The 

 ? of the species is smoky brown, with in'oader white bands and htrger, purer white submarginal spots on both 

 wings. — The cj is a strong restless flier, which shares with the European ,, Purple Emperors" the peculiarity 

 of always returning to exactly the same spot when disturbed (Elwes). It is really a species of the Indian 

 territory, but extends in the North-West into Kashmir; eastwards it is distributed as far as Assam and Upper 

 Burma, there being in the adjacent countries some more subspecies and individual varieties, which will be 

 dealt with among the Exotics (Vol. 9). 



A. iris L. (5()a) is shot with violet-blue in the ^, and is distinguished by the white band of the hindwing ins. 

 bearing disluUy a sharp tooth at the anterior median vein; the outer margin of the forewing is but slightly 

 incurved below the apex. $ larger than the cj, somewhat more broad-winged, brown, without blue gloss. The 

 nymotypical subspecies is somewhat variable individually, there occiuTing for instance cJcJ with a ]iure blue 

 gloss (Hungary), instead of violet-blue, or with the white markings flushed with rosy red, the marginal band 

 of the hindwing being cinnamon-brown. Of known aberrations the following have received names: ab. thau- thaumantis. 

 mantis Schultz, the white markings enlarged and widened, the elsewhere but feebly marked pale spots larger 

 and sharper, especially at the margin of the hindwing, on the underside of the forewing the russet-red scaling 

 restricted by the widening of the black markings; in the hindwing the narrow dark marginal line is wanting, 

 the white median band is more or less shaded with black; so far only cJcJ have been found at large, and but 

 rarely, also artificially produced by experiments with temperature. — ab. jole Schijf. (50b, transition), the jole. 

 counter-part of the preceding: the white markings obsolescent except the subapical spots of the forewing, the 

 latter also sometimes absent, the whole black wing-surface shot with blue. In all transitions towards the main 

 form, also asymmetric specimens occur; occasionally with pale radiating smears in the distal area of the hind- 

 wing. Everywhere rare among the main form, both sexes being known. — ab. lutescens Schultz, only the ? lutescens. 

 observed, the white Ijands and spots shaded with darker or paler brownish yellow; likewise rarely met with 

 at large. — Very singly there occur in this species $$ in which tlie upperside is irrorated with golden scales, which 

 are more condensed in the posterior area of the forewing and the anterior area of the hindwing; this is ab. 

 aurosquamosa Gillm. — The distribution of the nymotypical subspecies with its aberrations is as follows : Central auro- 

 Europe, Southern England, southwards to Spain, North Italy, Dalmatia, Roumania, Bosnia; Asiatic Russia, squamosa. 

 Asia Minor (Amasia). — Egg cyhndrical, ribbed, yellowish or greenish, somewhat tinged with red. Larva on 

 Salix caprea (sallow), Salix cinerea and aurita; when young brown, slug-like; after the first moult there appear 

 2 horns on the head, the colour becomes greenish; hibernates young on a pad of silk on a branch of the food- 

 plant near a bud; in the spring (May) the third moult takes place, the body becomes leaf-green with yellow 

 dots and side-stripes on the anterior segments, the head blue-green with red mandibles and white stripes, the 

 horns green, antei'iorly blue, edged with yellow laterally, reddish at the lip, forked; two reddish anal processes. 

 Pupation the end of May or in June. Pupa compressed, bluish green or whitish, head with 2 projections, 

 abdomen with yellowish oblique stripes, duration of pupal stage about 2 weeks. The bul lerfly at the edge of 

 and in leaved woods, in the early morning found drinking on dewy roads in the woods and at puddles; it 

 becomes more restless at a later hour, flying at a considerable height, is fond of foul-smelling matter (excrements, 

 dung, urine, cheese) and is easily baited with them. The flight is strong and graceful. The butterfly rests with 

 spread wings on a leaf of a tree or shrub and has, like the preceding species, the habit of returning to its 

 resting-place or near it, if disturbed. The $? rarely come down to the ground, remaining generally in the tree- 

 lops. — In Amurland the brownish colour of the bands and spots is the rule in the ? (cf. lutescens); the ^ 

 is of especially large size, the ground-colour of the wings being less dark and the gloss stronger and of a lighter 

 rcddisli blue. We have here do with a local form, for which it appears expedient to introduce the name 

 atnurensis subsp. nov. — In bieti Oberth. the markings are brownish yellow in the (J, and resemble in shape and amnrensis. 

 position those of the European form; but the blackish spot in the anal area of the forewing is eye-like, having ''"'''• 

 a blue pupil, the eye-spot of the hindwing is enlarged and this wing bears, besides median band two other 

 brownish transverse bands situated in the distal area. In the $ the markings are yellowish, except the white 

 subapical spots of the forewing. Tibet, West and Central China, in June and July, up to about 3000 m. — 

 Along with this brown main-form there flies in the same districts a form which is white-spotted in both sexes, 

 but is much larger than tlie Eiu'opean race and has a deeper chocolate-brown underside; it approaches theAmur- 

 form and may be named recidiva jorm. nov.\ in the $ of this form there is usually still a dull, ochreous, recidiva. 

 marginal band visible on tlie hindwing. 



A. ilia Schiff. ( = Paji. iris Esp.) (50c) is characterized by the distal margin of the forewing being obtusely 'Ha- 

 angulate below the apex; in the anal area of this wing there is an ocellus ringed with yellowish, and the median 

 band of the hindwing has no tooth-like projection on the outer side; the <^ with violet gloss, the $ dull black- 

 brown or grey-brown, the bands and spots pure white in both sexes. Very variable in colour and pattern, the S 

 as in the preceding species being sometimes shot with pure blue instead of violet. • — A female form in which the 

 markings are normally developed but have a yellowish tint, and in which (in contradistinction to dark specimens 



