162 APATURA. By H. Stichel. 



iliona. of clytie) the hindwing has no marginal spots, is $-ab. iliona Schultz; it corresponds to ah. lutescens of A. iris 

 distincta. and occurs as a rarity among the ordinary form. — In ab. distincta Schultz the band of the hindwingis separated 

 pallescens. into isolated spots by broad vein streaks of the ground-colour. — ab. pallescens Schultz is the name for paler 

 coloured specimens of both sexes, with the ground-colour pale ashy-grey, the S being but feebly glossy; the 

 underside of these not properly developed individuals is paler, having a yellowish tint; most specimens are, 

 it seems, artificial products of temperature-experiments, but similar specimens are also now and again met with 

 inspersa. in the open. — ab. inspersa Schultz is characterized by the bands and spots of both wings being shaded with 

 iliades. sooty-black, the markings, however, neither disappearing nor becoming diffuse. — ab. iliades Mitis is black 

 without any markings, at the most bearing the white subapical spots on the forewing, the S being shot with blue; 

 ^it occurs everywhere among the main-form, the extreme as well as all intergradations, mostly in the cJ, more 

 rarely in the $. — Sometimes there appear in otherwise normal specimens some yellowish spots in the anal 

 angle of the forewing, a brownish macular band at the margin of the hindwing and between this band and the 

 asta. white median one some brownish smears; this form is ab. asta Schultz, which resembles to a certain extent hunea 

 magnijica. H.-Schaff. — A broad yellow margin traversed by black veins distinguishes ab. magnifica Schultz. In the 

 type of name (^) the other white markings are strongly sooty as in ab. inspersa. A female form which belongs 

 here has on a very dark ground the spots and median bands ivory-colour and the outer margin of the hindwing 

 clytie. broadly brownish. Rare in nature, otherwise known as product of temperature-experiments. — ab. clytie 

 Schiff. {= iris Esp., julia Schrk., astasia Hbn.) (50c) is the form in which all the otherwise normal markings are 

 brownish, except the subapical spots of the forewing, and in which the hindwing bears a brownish, entire or 

 macular, submarginal band. Everywhere with the main form, the ground-colour varying from lighter to darker 

 tints in transitions to the main form, there occurring single specimens which approach, or are CA^en identical with, 

 the brown local races dealt with below, and which, in the southern districts of the area, are locally prevalent or 

 astasioides. the only form, merging into those brown subspecies. — In ab. astasioides Stgr. the brown bands and spots of the 

 u]ipcrside are entirely, or almost, absent; this form takes the same position among clytie as ab. iliades among 

 phryne. ilia. Here and there among the main form. — ab. phryne Aigner (50c) is a transition towards the previous; the 

 markings in the central area of the forewing and a submarginal macular band on the hindwing as well as the 

 median band are reddish brown and vestigial. Recorded from Hungary, also in other countries, together with 

 clytie. — Larva of the species adult 4 — 5 cm, dirty green, similar to that of iris in shape and markings, but the 

 reddish horns on the head with black stripe, the anterior part of the body with two red-edged yellow 

 lines, the body from the centre backwards on each side with 5 red-margined yellow oblique stripes which 

 extend over 2 segments, anal processes and legs blue-green. Its habits similar to those of A. iris; 

 feeding especially on Populus tremida, P. pyramidalis, and on various willows, like Salix caprea, viminalis 

 and rosmarinifolia. Pupa greenish, carinate dorsally; the back, the wing-cases and the processes of the 

 head edged with yellow. The habits of the butterfly are similar to those of the preceding species; the nymo- 

 typical subspecies with the indivual forms mentioned above is distributed over Germany, Belgium, France, 

 Switzerland, Austria, Bosnia, Serbia, western and northern Hungary, Finland, tlie Baltic Provinces of 

 Russia, and South Russia (Volga districts). — As already mentioned, the white-marked form becomes less 

 abundant already in certain southern districts of West and Central Europe, brown specimens appearing 

 as the prevalent or only form, even representing special local races (see below). It is tlierefore a very 

 remarkable fact that in Portugal flies a white-spotted race which differs but very slightly from the northern 

 form, being characterised by the white spots situated at the eye-spot of the forewing being enlarged and the 

 lusitanica. liindwing bearing, nearly as in ab. asta, a row of small brownish spots between the whitish submarginal spots 

 eos. and the median band. This race, apparently the most southern one, may be introduced as \us\i&n\Cdi subs p. nov. 

 Porto, Portugal. — Of brown subspecies two have received names: eos Rossi {— heos Meigen, dilutior Stgr.) 

 (50d) and budensis Fnchs. In the former the dark ground-colour is everywhere paler, being shaded and dusted 

 with brown, especially at the base of the wings, the violet gloss is almost entirely absent, tiie ochre-yellow mark- 

 ings are dilated, being partly ill-defined, in the hindwing there is near the light submarginal band a row of 

 budensis. roundish black-brown spots which shade off proximally. South France (Provence), Northern Italy. — The 

 second race, budensis Fuchs, is similar, the blue gloss is entirely absent, the basal area of the hindwing is bright 

 yellow; the dark border to the wings, usually present in clytie, is sometimes absent or is replaced by a heavy 

 brown-grey arched stripe. Hungary, especially from Budapest south- and eastward, towards north less constant 

 and characteristic, here in transitions towards clytie and in some places with a colouration approaching eos 

 (E])erjes). Moreover known from Bulgaria and the Bukovina, and sometimes considered identical with metis 

 here. Freyer, which is apparently erroneous. — The wings are still lighter in colour in here Fldr. (50e); the places of 

 the wings which have remained dark are feebly shot with violet in the ^, but the whole wing has a brilliant 

 red-violet gloss when viewed at an acute angle; the median band of the hindwing is sometimes so much dilated 

 towards the distal margin that it forms with the submarginal band a deep ochre-yellow area bearing a row of 

 isolated rounded dark spots, from which radiate basad slight dark shadows. There occur, however, also indi- 

 viduals, especially among the ??, in which the middle band is separated from the submarginal one by a grey- 

 brown area, the submarginal band in tliis case being very broad and quite continuous. On the other liand there is a 

 ?-form with whitish bands and spots which has the ground of the wings light ochreous and but here and there 



