rtM. 6. Vll. u!>. PSEUDERGOLIS; NEPTIS. By H. Stichel. 173 



whicii has heen introduced as chinensis Martin. Ground-colour white or yellow, also in transitional shades, diinensis. 

 apex of the forewing more broadly black, all markings, especially the transverse stripes, broader and darker, 

 the third stripe connected with the submarginal band of the forewing by an angular soot-coloured spot, the 

 blue submarginal line on the hindwing broadened and very distinct. This form stands in its pattern about 

 midway between the wet-season form of the nymotypical race and the following subspecies. — mabella Friihst. mabetla. 

 (61c), which on an average is somewhat larger than Chinese specimens, is the darkest form of the species, with 

 the broadest transverse stripes and with the apex of the forewing more broadly darkened with brownish black. 

 The most distal stripe is connected with the inner submarginal line before the anterior median branch by 

 a more or less distinct sooty spot. All the colours which are usually yellow are brown, the space between 

 the submarginal lines on the hindwing is filled in with brown, and the blue stripe is usually large. The ground- 

 colour is generally pure white, but yellowish specimens also occur. Southern Japan: Liu-kiu Islands 

 (Okinawa), Jamato, Satsuma. — On the other hand , afghana Martin is of the usual size and all markings nfghana. 

 are more reduced than in any other form; in the known specimens the ground-colour is yellowish. The race 

 seems to hibernate as butterfly (Hagen, from a statement made by Hocking). Afghanistan, presumably the 

 most northern limit of its occurrence. In the south of the distribution area there appear several other forms 

 which will be dealt with among the Exotics. These are nobilior Martin from Burma, and formosana Fruhst., 

 which latter is perhaps identical with mabella. The specimens occurring farther south (Tenasserim) and east 

 (Shan States and Tonkin) are said not to differ from the nymotypical subspecies (Martin). 



2. Genus: Pseudergolis Fldr. 



Small, inconspicuously brown-coloured j)utterflies. Head and body delicate, palpi projecting slightly 

 ])eyond the head, antennae slender, very little thickened at the tip, a little more than half the length of thewing. 

 Forewing almost a right-angled triangle, costal margin curved, apex angular, distal margin also angular below 

 the apex, as in Vanessa. Costal vein very short, subcostal with five branches, two being before the apex 

 of the cell, the third terminating far beyond the upper angle of the cell. Cell narrow, closed, less than half 

 the length of the wing, anterior discocellular atrophied, median one strongly, posterior one slightly incurved. 

 Hindwing almost triangular with curved sides, apex and hinder angle angular, distal margin undulating; cell 

 short, closed by a thin vein, precostal forked, the radial veins on a short stalk from the subcostal. Very like 

 Vane.9sa in the shape of the wings and Ergolis in appearance, but of course separated from both by the entirely 

 different shape of the larva, which demands the genus to be placed here. ' 



Larva naked, upper surface of the body granulated, with a dorsal projection on the 5th segment and 

 two processes on the 11th ring. Head with two diverging horns. Pupa suspended, with a keel-like hump on 

 the back, anal segments curved upwards, thorax broad, head with two conical processes. 



Only one form known in the Palearctic Region. 



P. wedah Koll. (== Precis hara Moore) (61e). Brown, with blackish transverse lines and a row of sub- wedah. 

 marginal dots. Underside slightly dusted with grey, the dark markings as on the upperside, but brown, the 

 median bands broader, the submarginal line separated into lunate spots and edged with a pale violet colour on 

 both sides. The sexes not different. Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikkim, and Assam to Tenasserim, Western 

 and Central China. Larva found on Debregeasia bicolor Wedd.; dark green with a whitish lateral stripe and 

 rows of white warts running transversely, the processes of the 11th segment black, the base pale greenish blue. 

 Horns of the head greenish yellow with black lines and black tip. Pupa green with brown markings. 



(MACKINNON.) 



2. Group: Limenitidi. 



All that has been said in the characterization of the subfamily realh' also holds good for this subdivision. 

 The Poplar Butterfly and allies are elegant insects , generally with white or yellow bands on a dark ground , and 

 with entire wings and without the peculiar projections and zigzag lines of many Cyrestidi. The larva always has 

 club-shaped, partly symmetrical processes on the back. The butterflies occur in all warm countries and the north 

 temperate zone, and are found wherever there are woods, sometimes very abundantly. The flight is more fluttering, 

 and not so gracefully floating as in Ctjre.ttis, because it is often interrujjted by short flappings of the wings. The 

 genus Neptis, which has very many forms, has been separated from the true Limenitidi on account of the examina- 

 tion of the palpi (Rbuter);' in this genus a very long palpal end-segment follows a quite short middle one, which 

 seems to indicate a transition to the preceding tribe Ci/restidi. But we will not any further break up this group, 

 which is as such not strongly represented in the Palearctic Region, and discuss it as one unit. 



3. Genns: Xeptis F. 



Medium-sized butterflies of normal structure. Head small, eyes naked, palpi short, directed forward, 

 not projecting beyond the head, antennae half the length of the wing, gradually a little thickened towards 

 the tip. Forewing a right-angled triangle; costal about half the length of the costal margin of the wing, sub- 

 I 29 



