PANTOPORIA. By H. Stichel. 185 



by tlie foani of horses. — In the Biikoviiia and Roumania the species has developed into a larger cons|)ieuous 

 local race, vviiieh has been named bucovinensis /form. ($ 55e). In the ,^ the white markings are nearly as broad bucovinensis. 

 as in the 9 of the nymotypieal foiin, the gronnd-colonr is deep black with a vivid bbiisii green tint, the distal 

 area of the wings little or not at all different fiom the rest of the njiper surface, the band of the hindwing and 

 the spots are sometimes shaded with blue, the orange-red halfmoons are frequently reduced to small smears 

 or streaks and partly obsolete; on the underside the ground-colour is dai'k orange-yellow, the basal area silvery 

 blue, more restricted, the abdominal area also silvery blue instead of greenish. In the ? the band of the hind- 

 wing and the spots are purer white, also essentially broader, and the ground-colour has a remarkably strong 

 greenish tint. Similar (^^ o'ccur singly also among the ordinary form of the species. — A single ? from the 

 South Tyrol, an extreme development in the same direction has lately been described as a subspecies by Fruh- 

 STORFER, goliath, which form may best be placed here, if it is at all tenable as a unit in systematics. — The species is goUath. 

 modified in a similar way as ussuriensis Stgr. (= enapius Fruhst.) (56e) in Central Asia (Altai, Kentei, Mongolia), ussuriensis. 

 on the Amur and in the Ussuri-district. In this form the band of the hindwing (cJ) is as a rule still somewhat 

 broader than in bucoi'inenxis, not narrowing at the hindmargin; the ground-colour is more brownish, and the 

 distal marginal area of the hindwing greenish as in the nymotypieal Evu'opean form, while the underside is marked 

 as in bucovinensis. but is orange on a greenish ground. Within the area of this subspecies there occui' two aber- 

 rations: ab. eumenius Fruhst. with the white markings reduced, from the Kentei district, and ab. liliputana Stgr., cumaiius. 

 half the ordinary size, but otherwise agreeing with ussuriensis, in Amurland (Radeffka). — In Kurojie south of '''V'^""'^- 

 the Balcan there flies yet another subspecies, which agrees with huccovinensis in size and in the intensity of the 

 black colour with a strong green gloss, but differs in being like ab. tremulae but sparsely marked with white. 

 This form may be introduced as rilocola subsp. nov. On the forewing of the (J the spots are reduced in size and rilocola. 

 entirely or partly dusted with black except the subapical ones, sometimes even quite obsolete, and the hindwing 

 has no trace of a band, the red halfmoons on the other hand are often strongly developed, and on the underside 

 the red-brown colour has visibly increased, the greenish median band being sometimes deduced and separated 

 into spots, the basal area also being almost entirely red-brown before the median vein. Bulgaria: Rilodagh, 

 at Samokaw at an altitude of lUOO m (K. Drenowsky). 



L. albomaculata Leeeh (57e) is a very interesting species whose ^ bears a remarkable resemblance to nibo- 

 Hypolimnas niisippus in the colour of the upperside. On each wing there is on the deep black ground a largei '""""'"'"■ 

 while patch with bluish grey diffuse margins and before the apex of the forewing, besides, a smaller white spot. 

 The underside is red-brown, the white spots are band-like, having preserved the ctiaracter of the allied species, 

 the basal half of the hindwing is greyish blue, and there are in the distal area of both wings rows of small light 

 spots which are contiguous with black lunate spots. The $ has quite a different facies: the upperside bears 

 a whitish yellow cell-streak and bands and spots of the same colour similar to those of L. populi $, there being 

 a double row of obsolescent whitish lunules at the distal margin. East Tibet, West China. — ab. nigricans Oberlh. nigricans. 

 agrees above with the (J of the main form; beneath the white band of the forewing is slightly dusted with 

 black, the whole hindwing is darker, the band very indistinct as such and only represented by a whitish ill- 

 defined discal spot, and the bluisli basal area too is irrorated with blackish atoms. Siao-lou in East Tibet. 



5. Genus: Paiitoporia Hbn. 



In facies resembling species of the genus Limenitis, sometimes so closely that one might mistake them 

 for each other. Butterflies with rather strong wings, normally developed head and body, the upperside of the 

 wings black or blackish brown with white, sometimes bluish, bands and spots, the markings of the 9 not rarely 

 essentially different and brownish as in certain Neptis. — Eyes naked or hairy, antennae above half the length 

 of the forewing, clubbed. Forewing a rectangular triangle with slightly rounded apex ; subcostal with 5 branches, 

 2 of them from the cell; the latter ratlier narrow, closed or open, the upper discocellular very short. Hindwing 

 broadly ovate, the costal margin slightly curved, the apical and anal angles slightly marked, the distal margin 

 undulate. The neuration not quite constant; even the discocellulars not furnishing reliable characters on which 

 to base groups and still less subgenera or another genus, because individually variable; within the same group 

 of forms there occur specimens with the cell closed, imperfectly closed and open. Nearly all these characters 

 in neuration recur in Limenitis, so that in the artificial linear arrangement of the butterflies these two genera 

 must be placed close together. For the sake of completeness we enumerate the genera separated by F. Moore 

 (Lep. Ind. III.): Parathytna (type: P. sulpitia), Tacoraea (type: T. asura). Tatisia (type: T. kanwa), Tharasia 

 (type: T. jina), Chendrana (type: C. pravara), Athijma (type: A. perius), Condoehates (type: C. opalina), Tacola 

 (type: T. larymna), Pantoporia (type: P. nefte), Zabana (type: T. un>asi), Pseudohypolimnas (type: P. punctata), 

 Sabania (type: S. speciosa), Bolanga (type: B. kasa), Zamboanga (type: Z. gutama) and Kironga (type: A'. 

 ranga). — Larva cylindrical, ■with 4 or 6 rows of thorny processes, similar to the larva of Limenitis Camilla, 



