PANTOPORIA. By H. Stichel. 187 



P. selenophora Koll. {,^ 55e). A strongly dimorphic species. The (J with an ill-defined brownish basal selenophora. 

 streak and a white double spot at the apex of the forewing, and across both wings a white median band, 

 which is abbreviated anteriorly on the forewing. $ with the pattern usually found in the species of the first 

 group of the genus ; the submarginal spots of the forewing are parallel with the margin, the exterior white band 

 of the hindwing is slightly S-shaped and reaches to the costal margin, where it also joins the discal band. The 

 ground-colour of the underside is reddish brown. The nymotyjiical subspecies has two broods, of which the 

 dry-season form ($ 59b, named selenophora ^) is somewhat smaller, of a paler ground-colour and more richly 

 marked, in the ^ particularly the submarginal and marginal bands are more distinctly brownish grey, the cell- 

 streak is better developed and there is sometimes a white spot at the cell-end. The wet-season form is larger 

 and darker, the $ (59b, third figure as selenophora $) moreover having narrower bands, and approaches the 

 subspecies bahiila Moore from Silhet (Assam). Larva on Adina cordifolia Hook. (Rubiaceae), very similar to 

 that of P. inara from India, i. e. cylindrical, with 6 rows of thorny processes, green with a small brown spot 

 on the 9. segment and some white lateral spots. Pupa as in the other species of which it is known with two 

 grotesque flaps each on the back and head (Davidson and Aitken). Himalaya, northwestwards to Kashmir; 

 Assam: Cachar, Silhet; Upper Burma; South India; South China. 



P. opalina, which has the sexes alike, occurs in two subspecies on Palaearctic territory. There is first 

 COQStricta Alph. (591)): A small form with reduced markings; forewing almost without submarginal spots, the constricta. 

 exterior band of the hindwing composed of separated spots. There occur also specimens with more abundant 

 markings, which approach orientalis Ehves (cf. Exotics) from Sikkim, etc., the latter being considered by Moore 

 the wet-season form of the nymotypical subspecies, the differences between the various forms therefore being 

 very uncertain. West China: Pu-tsu-fong, Moupin, Wa-ssu-kou, Wa-shan, Omei-shan; Central China: Chang- 

 Yang. Flies in June and July at altitudes from 1200 to 3000 m. — The other Palaearctic form is the 

 nymotypical opalina Koll., which is larger and more abundantly white, especially the $. This bears a striking opalina. 

 resemblance to selenophora, but the markings are all broader, the most distal cell-spot is broadly triangular and 

 almost touches the long streak-like posterior subapical spot, near the margin there is a row of more or less distinct 

 small white spots, both bands of the hindwing are straight, which character is less marked in the (J. Egg 

 globular, flattened beneath, brown with silvery dots. Larva on Berberis aristata Hook., cylindrical, brown 

 when young, later green with a bluish side-stripe and brownish line. Head reddish, spiky, body with 4 rows 

 of thorny projections, those on the 3. and 4. segments being longer than the others, only 2 thorns on the 

 12. segment, the 13. with 4 simple points and 2 small branched thorns. All the processes and thorns dark brown 

 with white tips. Pupa suspended, the shoulders projecting sideways, on the back two appendages which curve 

 towards each other, the posterior one compressed boot-shaped, the anterior one beak-like. Head with 2 strongly 

 diverging lobate pointed appendages (Robson). The butterfly has a fast flight, sailing from tree to tree, but 

 rests frequently. Himalaya as far as Kashmir; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma. 



P. sulpitia Cr., whose nymotypical subspecies (61c) is restricted to South-East China and Tonkin, is 

 represented in the Palaearctic Region by a separate form, ningpoana Leech (59b). In facies so remarkably like ningpoana. 

 some species of Litnenitis [homeyeri, pryeri, etc.) that these insects were united by F. Moore in one genus 

 Parathyma (Lep. Ind. III.). As long as the early stages are not known it must remain an open question, whether 

 Moore was right, ningpoana is recogniced by the cell-streak oft he forewing being only once interrupted; 

 the subapical spots are shifted towards the centre of the wing and between them and the submarginal row 

 of spots there is a further row of diversely shaped spots obliquely across the wing, the largest, ovate, spot of 

 this row being placed between the two median veins. Hindwing with tlie usual two bands. Ground-colour 

 of the underside red-brown, the hindwing with some black dots at the base and a slight bluish shade on the 

 discal band. China: Ning-po to Moupin. 



P. disjuncta Leech (59c). On the upperside similar to the preceding species, the forewing apparently disjuncta. 

 somewhat more elongate, the cell-spots of the forewing rather different, especially on the underside. The hind- 

 wing below with a white streak before the costal vein, the basal spots less prominent, the discul band more 

 erect, i. e. being posteriorly nearer the anal angle, and composed of broader ovate spots. Also the present 

 species bears a certain resemblance to L. helmanni. — Not rare in Central China (Chang- Yang), also in West 

 China: Omei-shan, Moupin, etc. 



P. recurva Leech (59c). Similar to the preceding, but the cell-spots of the forewing different and the recurva. 

 exterior macular band of the hindwing is nearer the margin. Underside red-brown, the spots as above, but 

 better developed, on the hindwing there runs a white curved stripe along the costal vein from the base to the 

 first spot of the discal band, which it sometimes joins. The edges of the band rather straight, but the exterior 

 edge may also be dentate, otherwise only transsected by the dark veins. The $ is larger and bears enlarged 

 white spots. Appears to be very rare. — West China: Moupin, Wa-shan, in June. 



