192 HESTINA. By H. Stichel. 



iindosa. E. undosa Fruhst. differs as follows from the main form of the preceding species: ground-colour lighter, 



more yellowish green, all the pale markings dark straw-yellow, the spots of the band of the forewing more 

 irregularly placed, the anterior ones more strongly isolated; the band on the hindwing strongly constricted 

 and bordered at both sides by a black undulate line. Ground-colour of the underside light yellow, the black 

 markings intensified, the submarginal band of both wings broader and sharper; the middle band of the forewing 

 more broadly edged with black on its proximal side, the edges of the band on the hindwing strongly undulate, 

 the anal area of this wing with light green hairs and scaling. — West China: Moupin. 



duda. E. duda Stgr. differs from thibetana in the ground-colour being more green, especially beneath; the 



bands of both wings are white, that of the forewing being anteriorly more sharply defined and broader, that 

 of the hindwing outwardly conspicuously yiolet-blue and gradually fading away in the ground-colour. On 

 the hindwing beneath the dark submarginal shadowy band narrower, strigiform, the middle band broader 

 and posteriorly somewhat abbreviated. — The true home is North India, but the species occurs northward 

 in Tibet and North Yunnan (Tse-kou, Lu-tse-kiang), where it is not rare (according to Chas. OberthCr). 



Here follow three lately described forms which their author considers to be specifically distinct. 

 They are: 



alpherakyi. E. alpherakyi Oberth. Larger than thibetana, the apex of the forewing more produced, the distal margin 



strongly dentate. The ground-colour light bronze, powdered with ochreous, especially on the forewing; the bands 

 as in thibetana, but that of the hindwing very strongly curved, composed of spots which are proximally convex 

 between the veins and outwardly concave, there being no bluish dusting along the outside of the band. Under- 

 side bright greenish yellow, particularly on the hindwing. China : Siao-lu, Tientsuen, Moupin. — In Tibet (Tse-kou) 

 monbeigi. flies a similar form, named monbeigi Oberth., with the spots larger and lighter, particularly on the hindwing, 

 on which the band is almost whitish, being outwardly edged with bluish grey dusting. 



aristides. E. aristides Oberth. Shape and size as in thibetana, which it most resembles of the last three species. 



Ground-colour somewhat darker bronze than in the previous forms, the spots in the cell of the forewing on 

 a paler ground; the band of the forewing anteriorly separated into isolated spots. The band of the hindwing 

 outwardly very strongly curved, each spot of the same bordered between the veins by a black concave lunule. 

 Underside dull ochreous yellow. Otherwise like thibetana. — China, with the preceding forms. 



themistocles. E. themistocles Oberth. In facies like the preceding. The ground-colour ochreous yellow, dusted with 



golden scales, the shadows and markings blackish aeneous. The yellowish spots purer and lighter. The macular 

 band of the hindwing as regards the degree of curvature halfway between the bands of the 2 preceding forms. 

 The black markings of the underside more prominent on the light ochreous yellow, slightly greenish ground, 

 especially on the hindwing. — China, with the previous forms. 



Subfamily: Vanessinae. 



Imposing butterflies, mostly with showy colours, the palpi being long and porrect, the club of the antennae 

 pear-shaped, and the wings strong, hard and in northern species in places hairy like the body. The larvae with 

 long thorns bearing short lateral points, the head being usually indented above. The pupa with a pointed thoracical 

 tubercle and distinct conical caputal processes, sometimes ornamented with metallic tubprcles. 



Antennae of medium length, straight, the club dark with pale tip. Palpi curved at the base, pointed, 

 porrect, the 1. segment being short and the last long and thin. Tongue strong, nearly always pigmented. Wings 

 hard, often hairy at the base, densely scaled, in many forms with the distal margin angulate and irregularly sinuous, 

 very cUverse in shape, markings and colour as well as in neuration ; cell of both wings either closed or open. The 

 butterflies are difficult for the human eye to perceive on their resting places on trees, fences, etc., on account of 

 the coloration of their undersides; many are striking instances of protective resemblance, the distorted shape of 

 the wings, which may even affect the neuration, rendering them similar to the dry leaves of trees. 



The Vaneasinae inhabit nearly all the countries of the globe, even extending to the higher latitudes, and 

 one genus — Pyrameis — occurs from Polar Sea to Polar Sea and may occasionally be met with on remote islands. 



Tribe Calinagidi. 



Very peculiar butterflies, which deviate from their relatives, the wings being broad and entire. They 

 mimic Danaids, from which they cannot be distinguished on the wing, their flight being clumsy, exactly a.s in the 

 Danaids, which is quite unusual among the Nymphalids. They do not visit flowers, but imbibe the sap exuding from 

 wounds in the bark of trees. For mating thej' visit the summits of high mountains, where they circle round the tops, 

 being here easy to catch. Nothing is known of the early stages, but their larvae are presumably similar to those 

 of Hypolimnas. (A. Skitz.) 



1. Genus: BCe^tina Westw. 



Rather strongly built butterflies, with whitish or greenish ground-colour to the wings and black longi- 

 tudinal stripes and transverse bands, the pattern therefore partly resembhng lattice-work. Head broad, eyes 

 naked, palpi pointed and long, incHned forward, antennae about half the length of the forewing, slightly 



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