GALINAGA. By H. Stichel. 193 



clubbed al the apex. The forewiiig a rectangular triangle, with the apex sliglitly rounded and the distal margin 

 rather deeply concave; subcostal 5-branched, the 1. branch before the cell-end, the 2. variable in the position, 

 emitted either somewhat before or beyond or exactly opposite the upper angle of the cell; 1. discocellular very 

 short, the 2. strongly curved, extending into the cell; the latter open in both wings. Hindwing ovate, the costal 

 margin curved in the (^, almost straight in the $, the apex rounded, the distal margin undulate, angulate at 

 the 3. radial in assimilis and allies. The genus shows close affinities with Euripus Dbl, but in the latter the 



2. subcostal of the forewing originates far beyond the cell; the habits of the Euripus-^S fil^o being different, 

 the separation appears justified. Some of the species put in Hestina by earlier authors have been removed 

 and placed with the Apaturid genus Diagora for biological and bionomical reasons. The species of Hestina 

 have a slow sailing flight and on the wing are easily mistaken for Danaids even by an experienced collector. 

 Nothing is known about the life-history; however, the close relationship with Euripus renders it probable that 

 the early stages of both genera are the same. In Euripus only the larva of consimilis is known, being similar 

 to that of Ergolis: cylindrical, with lu-anched liorns on tlie head and hairy warts on the body. 



H. assimilis L. (6()a). Ground-colour white, with a slight greenish sheen, tlie nuu'kings black, the brighl assimi/is. 

 red spots in the black anal area of the hindwing being especially conspicuous. Underside like upper, the black 

 places less deeply coloured and more restricted. $ somewhat larger, the wings somewhat broader, otherwise 

 like the (J. — East Tibet, China (southward to Hongkong), Corea. 



H. nama Dbl. (60a). Ground-colour bluish white, the markings of the forewing black, those on the hind- "ama. 

 wing reddish biown, in the (^ darker than in the ?; the latter also being largei', willi the ground-colour \nivvv 

 whitish and as a rule more extended. Underside like upper, but paler, ab. melanina Obertli. is a variety of tliis mclonuui. 

 species with the forewing much shaded with blackish, the spots being very indistinctly marked only in the 

 distal area, and the hindwing entirely dull red-brown with a paler marginal band and darker veins. — The 

 species has a slow and undulating flight and occurs in clearings or at the edge of woods and perfectly resembles 

 Danais (Caduga) tytia. — Himalaya as far as Kashmir, Assam, Burnui, Shan States, Siam , West China. 

 Abundant all through the year up to 1800 m. 



H. namoides Nicev. is similar to the preceding species. Ground-colour bluish white, with l)lack vein- namonles. 

 streaks, tiie liase of both wings grey, the marginal area of the forewing black with 2 rows of small white spots. 

 The outer area of the hindwdng broadly reddish brown, with 3 black spots and a row of 6 small white marginal 

 spots, the edge of the wing more strongly undulate than in nama. Underside similar to upper, paler, the light 

 colour more extended, spots larger. — East Tibet: Tse-kou. 



2. Genus: Calinaga Mom-c. 



In facies a very peculiar genus, wliose position in the classification has not yet been ascertained witii 

 certainty. Some authors have attempted to interpret these insects as a connecting link between tlie I'lerids 

 and Parnassiids (Kirby. OberthOr), and others are inclined to place them with the Satyrids (Lkech): however 

 the structure of the atrophied forelegs of the SS only justifies, according to our present knowledge, a classifi- 

 cation with the Nymphalids. We place them near that genus to whose species they bear a certain resemblance. 



— Head and body of normal proiiortions; eyes densely luiiry; pal|>i porrect, not projecting above the head; 

 antennae short, about one-third the lengtii of the forewing, sonunvhat incrassate at the a))ex. Forewing an 

 obtuse triangle, apex rounded; subcostal 5-branched, 2 branches cmitlcd before the apex of the cell, the 



3. originating near the fork of 4 and 5; cell long, moderately broad, closed; 1. discocellular atrophied, tlie 2. 

 very short. Hindwing ovate, witli the apex rounded, and the distal margin slightly angulate at the ,3. ladial; 

 precostal simple, curved towards the base of llic wing; cell closed by an oblique vein, the posterior discocelhdar 

 joining the 3. radial in an acute angle immediately after the origin of the 1. median. Nothing is known of 

 the early stages. The butterflies are found in forests on the baid<s of rivers at altitudes of 1()()(1— 1800 m from 

 March till July; they settle often on the wet sand or gravel and when distui'bcd fly nff willi a I'apilio-like flight, 

 being very strong on the wing (Moore). 



C. davidis Obrrth. (59e) is a subspecies of buddhu Moorr, the nynioty|)e of which canu- from Sikkim. The 'invt'S- 

 uppcrside is rather dark, the whitish parts being reduced to luu-row streaks and spots. ? with the wing some- 

 what more rounded, but marked as in $. West China: Monpin, also Wa-ssu-koii, Chow-jun-sa, East Tibet. 



— saka Moon- (.5f»e) differs from the ))receding in the whitish markings being iu'oadi-r, lieiiig sometimes so saka. 

 enlarged that only the distal nuu'gin and the vein-streaks are grey. Central Chiiui : Chang- Yang, nu)re rarely 



in West China. 



C. cercyon Nicev. (59e) has the markings quite similar, but the ground is yellowish; moreover, the position cercyon. 

 of the distal spots of the forewing is somewhat different, so that we apparently liave to do with a distinct species. 



— West China: Ta-tsien-lu. 



