194 ISODEMA; KALLLMA. By H. Stichel. 



I 



Ihatso. C. Ihatso Oberth. (59d) is likewise yellowish; the longitudinal and transverse stripes dark hrown, before 



the distal margin there appear diffuse lunules on the forewing and distinctly pale yellow ones on the hindwing, ^ 



the latter bearing an orange-yellow spot at the anal angle. — East Tibet: Tse-kou. V 



Tribe Hypolimnidi. 



Ahnost ex( lusively tropicnl and subtropical species, mostly of imposing size, with magnificent, partly iridescent 

 colours. Some species bear a mimetic resemblance to certain Danaids in the ?? only, while this phenomenon is 

 observed in l)oth sexes of some other species. Others again show a most striking similarity in shape and colour to 

 dry leaves, the most often quoted cases of protective resemblance (Kallima paralecta) and mimicry (Hypolimnas 

 misippvs) belong to this group. Although the c/cf of some species of Ht/poliiiiiias fly also in the hot sunshine, the 

 Hyiiolimnids are nevertheless shade-loving insects, which, during the hot season, are flushed from the undergrowth 

 of the forests or beaten from the thickets of bushes overhanging the mountain-paths. The ?? of some Hi/poUmnas 

 select as resting-places the bows in the interior of the ro tang-bushes, which are impenetrable on account of their 

 thorns. (A. Seitz.) 



3. Genus: l80<leina l''hh: 



This also is a genus deviating in facies from the general Nymphalid character, its systenialic position 

 being still uncertain; however, it is advisable to place it here on account of its morphobigical characteristics. 

 Head and body slender; eyes large, naked; palpi inclined forward, not projecting above the head; antennae 

 slender, about half the length of the forewing, the apical incrassation hardly visible. Forewing nearly a right- 

 angled triangle, with rounded apex; subcostal 5-branched, 2 branches originating before the apex of the cell, 

 the 3. emitted considerably beyond the angle of the cell near the fork of 4 and 5; cell broad, closed; 1. disco- 

 cellular atrophied, 2. very short, tiie 1. and 2. radials almost from a point, tiie 3. discocellular slightly S-shape. 

 Hindwing ovate, with hardly indicated apex and undulated distal margin; costal vein ending at the apex of 

 the wing, precostal emitted beyond the subcostal, simple, its apex somewhat curved basad; cell broad, obliquely 

 closed, the posterior discocellular joining the 3. radial in an acute angle near the fork formed by the 3. radial 

 and the 1. median vein. Nothing is known of the early stages and habits. Only one species is known: 



adelma. L. adelma Fldr. (61b). Upperside brown. Forewing with a yellowish white oblique macular band, of 



which tiie 1. spot lies across the distal portion of the cell, and with a patch of spots of the same colour beyond 

 the cell, there being also 2 rows of white dots in the marginal area, of which the outer one is indistinct. 

 Hindwing with yellowish white fringes and a row of submarginal spots of the same colour, of which the anterior 

 ones are larger than the next. Underside as above, but paler, the spots larger and purer white. ? some- 

 what larger, the brown colour paler, the macular band broader. East China: Ningjao Mts. to Ichang; not rare. 

 latifasciata. — latifasciata Lathy is the western race of the species, with the transverse band broadened and continuous 

 and the costal spots of the forewing enlarged, forming likewise a short band. On the other hand, the sub- 

 marginal spots arc restricted to the apex and anterior portion of the margin. Central and West China, and 

 East Tibet. 



4. Genus: Kallima l>hl. 



Large butterflies witii the apex of the forewing produced into a point and the anal angle of ti\e hind- 

 wing prolonged to a long lobe. The upperside blue and black, on the forewing a broad golden yellow or 

 whitish band (exotic form); the underside grey or brown, with a narrow band similar to a midrib, whicli on the 

 spread wings runs from the apex of the forewing to the anal lobe of tiic liindwing, the surface besides bearing 

 dispersed dark lines joining the band, and diffuse shadows, spots and dots. The total aspect of this pattern 

 in connection with the shape of the wings is so similar to a dry leaf that the butterfly is one of the most 

 striking examples for the theory of mimicry (imitation). Body rather small; eyes naked; palpi long, projecting 

 like a kind of beak; antennae about half the length of the forewing. Subcostal of the forewing 5-brancbed, 

 2 branches emitted before the apex of the cell, fork of 4 and 5 very short; cell broad, closed; 1. discocellular 

 very short, the 2. half the length of the 3., which latter joins the 3. radial at the point of origin of the 1. median. 

 Precostal of the hindwing forked, the outer branch longer than the inner one; cell closed by a thin false vein, 

 which sometimes is but vestigial. Egg not particularly large, globular, ribbed vertically. Larva cylindrical, 

 liead with 2 long branched processes, body long-hairy, armed with branched thorns; on Acanthaceae. Pupa 

 suspended, simple, the thorax somewhat carinale, the abdomen with small conical tubercles. 



The species of this genus are distributed over India, the Andamans, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, 

 Java, Borneo, South and West China and the Liu-Kiu Islands. They show conspicuous seasonal dimorphism 

 in the shape of the wings and the colour of the underside, the dry-season form being characterized by a long 

 apical lobe to the forewing and a pale, prominently marked underside. The butterflies are mostly found in 

 the valleys and forests, they are powerful fliers, impetuous in their movements, but keep the wings closed when 



