196- JUXOXIA. By H. Stichel. 



black-edged white spots and before the distal margin a double row of small white lunules, the large white 

 median patch more sharply defined and without blue gloss. Hindwing beneath ochreous yellow, the median 

 patch enlarged to a broad white band, in the centre of the costal margin a black angle-shaped spot, before the 

 distal margin a double row of white spots and near them white dots. £ in the ordinary form above reddish 

 brown with black apex to the forewing, a white oblique band and white subapical spot, the margin of both 

 wings being black with small white double spots. This form is a striking copy of Danais chrysippiis, which 

 it also resembles in its habits, being an often quoted illustration of mimicry. There occiu' specimens with the 

 disc of the hindwing white above and beneath, thus resembling the homonymous form of the Danaid mentioned 

 alcippoides. above: $-ab. alcippoides Btlr. The white subapical band of the forewing is not rarely absent, the apical 

 inaria. area having assumed the colour of the rest of the wing: 2-ab. inaria Cr. (60c). Transitional specimens are 

 also known, in which the subapical band is yellowish red and the black apical area reduced, the extreme 

 individuals bearing more or less extended white scaling on the disc of the hindwing. Also these forms have 

 Danaid models, which are known as dorippus and ab. albinus Lanz (from Africa). — Larva black, with paler 

 dorsal line and grey intersegmental belts, the head and legs reddish, the former with 2 long branched horns; 

 on the body several longitudinal rows of dirty white branched thorns, the anal ring with only 2 such thorns. 

 Lives gregariously on Portulaca oleracea and quadrifida L. and is very voracious; when disturbed it emits a green 

 liquid from the mouth. Pupa suspended, light brown, without metallic spots, abdomen with one dorsal and 

 two lateral rows of short pointed tubercles, thorax bent, head somewhat bifid (de l.\ Chaumette, according to 

 Moore). The <? is described as an active quarrelsome butterfly which, perching on the top of a bush, darts for- 

 ward to attack and chase ever^- butterfly that may fly past. On the other hand it is said to be exposed 

 to the attacks of birds, so that one cannot wonder at the frequency of the occurrence of specimens with the 

 wings battered and torn. However, these results of its passions and the danger to which it is exposed do 

 not appear to greatly diminish the activity of the insect (Swinhoe). A widely distributed species: Indo- 

 -Malayan Subregion, Australia, Africa; also recorded from North America (New York, Carolina), the West 

 Indies and the northern parts of South America. In the Palaearctic Region known from Syria and Palestine. 

 In China only recorded from Hongkong. 



The second species of the genus, H. bolina L., touches the Palaearctic territory in western China, but 

 will more opportunely be dealt with among the Exotics. 



Tribe Vanessidi. 



This tribe comprises the true -angle-w-ings". Eyes and the whole head very strongly hairy, the antennae 

 usually ringed, the cUstal margin of the forewing usually angulate below the apex, the angle sometimes forming a 

 pointed tooth ; the hindwing is produced at the anal angle and sometimes angulate in the centre of the distal margin. 

 — The larvae bear long strong thorns, the head being indented above and somewhat heart-shaped, its two semiglobular 

 halves being occasionally more strongly tuberculiform. Many feed gregariously, some till they pupate, on non-poisonous 

 plants. The pupa is usually ornamented with metallic spots and is suspended exposed on fences, walls and the 

 projections of the bark of branches or stems. — The butterflies are plentiful as a rule and occur all the year round, 

 sometuues in several broods which chffer from one another; many pass the ^vinter in a lethargic state. On warm 

 days of the earlj- .spring .such hibernating specimens awake and become active, which has given the name .of "heralds 

 of the spring" to these butterflies. Most species belong to the very commonest and most conspicuous of all known 

 Lepidoptera, and some species congregate in swarms which wander wide distances. Whereas the genera Vunissa, 

 I'olijgonia and Araschnia occur in the northern temperate zone. Precis and Jiinonia are distributed over the tropical 

 and southern temperate territories, I'l/rameis being cosmopohtan, its most beautiful and largest forms flj'ing on remote 

 slands. such as the Sandwich Islands and New Zealand. 



6. Genu<: Jiiiioiiia Hb'i. 



Broad-winged butterflies with a relatively small body, the ground-colour being a dull grey-brown, red- 

 brown or black, bearing in the last case large bright ochreous patches. Head broad; eyes naked; palpi long, 

 projecting beak-like; antennae about half the length of the forewing. The latter, taken as a whole, a right- 

 angled triangle, the costal margin strongly ciu*ved, the apex more or less obliquely truncate, distal margin 

 more or less concave, sometimes bearing a lobe at the upper radial; the outhne of the wing different in seasonal 

 forms, the wing being more strongly angulate in the dry-season form than in the wet-season form; subcostal 

 5-branched, 2 branches before the apex of the cell, the 3. at a considerable distance beyond the same; upper 

 discocellular atrophied, the middle one deeply concave, joining the 2. rcdial without forming an angle with 

 it, 3. discocellular absent, the cell being open. Hindwing about triangular, with strongly curved sides, rounded 

 apex, and the anal angle often produced into a lobe; precostal erect, then almost rectangularly bent outward, 

 bearing sometimes a short spur on the basal side. 



