FubL 11. nil. o'j. VANESSA. By H. Stichel. 205 



the hindmarginal spot of the forewing especially being enlarged and showing a tendency of uniting with the 

 middle or the inner costal spot or with both. — The strongly spiny larva of the species is black with whitish 

 yellow longitudinal stripes and numerous small dots of the same colour, a brown spot on each segment from 

 the 4. to the anal one; head and thorns black, prolegs yellowish; lives gregariously on Salix caprea, vitellina 

 and glauca, with preference on the twigs of the tree which overhang the water, being full grown in July. Pupa 

 grey or brownish, svith a strong blue bloom, smaller, stouter, with smaller metallic spots and shorter spines 

 than in polijchloros. The butterfly has 2 broods, and is restricted in Europe to the central and southern countries 

 (Germany, Switzerland, Austria-Hungary, South Russia), but distributed through Asia to the Amur and Ussuri 

 districts and China, extending southward to the Himalayas.*) — Sparse development into geographical races. 

 A subspecies corresponding to polychloros jervida has been separated as fervida Stgr. (nee Stdfss.); for reasons 

 of priority a new name must be introduced : fervescens /iom. nov. General characters: paler, more yellowish red fervescens. 

 ground-colour, smaller spots in the basal, discal and hindmarginal areas, narrow submarginal bands and pale 

 blue spots at the margin of the hindwing; distribution-area: Asia Minor to the Himalayas. — japonica Stick, japonka. 

 (63b) is in every respect a more highly developed race: size increased, margin more strongly angular, ground- 

 colour more fiery red-brown, all the spots enlarged, especially the anal one of the forewing, the outer costal 

 spot sometimes prolonged to a short band, the blue marginal spots of the hindwing larger. Japan. 



V. antiopa L. (63b). Upperside velvety brown, darker distally, with pale yellow margin, which is antiopa. 

 more or less dusted with blak, near the margin a row of blue spots, the forewing bearing 2 white costal 

 spots, which are very rarely connected with eacli other by pale scaling. Underside dull black with darker 

 markings. An aberration produced by the application of low temperature is ab. heppei Stdfss. in which heppei. 

 the upper- and undersides, especially the dark parts, have a peculiar strong gloss. The species varies other- 

 wise in two main direction: reduction and enlargement of the yellow margin. The named aberrations are 

 mostly artificially produced, some however being also found in nature. We mention: ab. daubi Stdfss., daubi. 

 ground-colour of the upperside darkened, especially on the hindwing, which is occasionally quite black, 

 the blue spots reduced to half the normal size, their colour somewhat violet, the yellow margin shaded 

 with black and produced discad at the veins; a high temperature form. ab. dorfmeisteri Fisch., ground- dorfmeisteri. 

 colour normal, the marginal band of ordinary width, but strongly irrorated with black, all the blue spots 

 completely obsolete, the exterior black line near the marginal band contrasting particularly strongly with the 

 ground; a high temperature form. ab. artemis Fisch. (= roederi Stdfss.), the yellow margin is strongly reduced artemis. 

 in width and abundantly dusted with black, the blue colour on the contrary increased, the blue spots of the 

 hindwing enlarged and hastate, with a tendency of projecting into the yellow margin; ground-colour of both 

 wings darkened, or at least the black outer area widened, the hindwing sometimes entirely velvety black; low 

 temperature form, rare in nature (Hungary), ab. epione Fisch., ground-colour normal or paler, the yellow epione. 

 margin wider, extending in the shape of pointed arcs between the blue spots into the black band, the blue 

 spots reduced to dots; low temperature form, but also obtained by normal breeding, ab. hygiaea Heydr. (63c), hygiaea. 

 an extreme of the previous form : the yellow margin strongly widened, usually somewhat deeper yellow, projecting 

 in narrow arcs far into the ground-colour, the blue spots completely alisent; low temperature form; also found 

 sporadically in nature. — Egg of the species elliptic, green, with longitudinal ribs. Larva black, slightly clothed 

 with pale brown hairs and armed with strong black spines, the body dotted with yellow, on the back with russet 

 spots which are divided by a middle line; head black, prologs russet; it lives in June and July on willow, poplar, 

 elm and birch (species of Salix, Populus, Ulmus, and Betula), gregariously until the last moult in a common 

 wide-spread web. Pupa suspended, compact, brown or grey, the head produced into two short points, the back 

 with a row of small tubercles. The butterfly occurs in one brood ; it hibernates and reappears in spring with the 

 marginal band faded into white; its particular haunts are gardens and woods, where it sucks at the exuding sap 

 of leaved trees and generally reposes with closed wings on tree-trunks. Apart from the darker tint of the yellow 

 marginal band (which happens also in the products of high temperature) and the sometimes increased black 

 dusting of this border, antiopa varies but little in nature, there being also no constant local races, so that the 

 species occurs as a single unit in tlie whole Palaearctic Region. It is distributed from western Europe and 

 North Africa through Asia to Japan, extending in Asia southward to the Himalayas (Sikkim, Bhutan) and 

 northward to Amurland. Represented also in North America, where several named forms occur. 



V. canace L.**) is a species distinguished by the strongly dentate wings, the ground-colour being blackish canace. 

 blue and both wings bearing a blue submarginal band. On the forewing the band usually joins a small white 



*) These characters are on the whole well marked in Moore's figure 2 a on plate 316 of Lep. Ind. IV, so that it will 

 hardly be necessary to further subdivide the species by separating the Indian specimens. However, Moore's fig. 2 is I think 

 a polychloros-form, which might be united with fervida Stdfss. 



**) The 2. and 3. figures on plate 63 c belong to charonides. 



I 26 



