POLYGOXIA. By H. Sfichkl. 207 



in May and June gregariously on birch, elm, willow, sallow-thorn and gooseberry (Betula, Ulmus, Salix, 

 Hippophae rhamnoides, and Ribes grossularia). Pupa yellowisii or brown, with silvery spots on the back. 

 Particularly in South-Eastern Elurope, from Silesia and Bohemia eastward, in Italy, South Russia, and Asia 

 (Amur, Siberia, Chitral, Kashmir), singly in the Rhine-valley and Switzerland. — samurai Friihst. (63d) is samurai. 

 a more elongate subspecies; the distal margin of both wings more strongly and acutely angulate and dentate, 

 the ground-colour lirighler russet-brown, with tiie spots larger and better defined and the underside darker. 

 Japan. 



P. c-aureum L. (64b). A smaller species with similar markings, tiie ground-colour ochreous brown, c-nureum. 

 witlioui white spots; the hindwing with blue-centred black spot anteriorly in the distal area, this spot being 

 continued in front and behind by a blackish band which bears some more blue spots. Underside light brown, 

 with darker shadows and an indistinct median band, in the basal area blackish transverse lines and figures; 

 on the hindwing a slightly golden C or L at the apex of the cell. ? larger, with the wings somewhat broader, 

 the small black spots at the apex of the forewing bear blue centres, while they are almost blind in the o . Some 

 specimens of this form are more or less dusted with blackish, ab. pryeri Jans. (64c) is the autumn-form, which pryeri. 

 hibernates; it is lighter, being more sparsely spotted, and the underside is darker and more uniform in colour; 

 in the same districts as the main form. — China, Lower Amur, Japan. Larva on hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) 

 and wild hops (Humulus japonicus S. a. Z.). 



P. c-album L. (63e). On an average somewhat smaller than the preceding species, the wings more c-album. 

 strongly but obtusely angulate, the markings very similar, but there are no blue dots in the black spots. L'nder- 

 side of the hindwing with a white c-like mark, which may be modified into G, i, f or o. The species is somewhat 

 variable, but there are no constant races in truly European countries. The seasonal forms, however, of which 

 2 are known in Germany, are rather well defined, althougli also in this case intergradations are not rare, occasioned 

 by abnormal weather, retardation of development, etc. On the whole the wings are more strongly dentate 

 in tlie spring-form, the hindwing bears distally a broad dark red-brown area in which is situated a row of light 

 brown liastate spots, the underside is dark, being either unicolorous or prominently mai'morated. In the 

 summer-form the wings are less dentate, the ground-colour is less bright, and the hindwing has a narrow dark 

 submarginal band, near which stands a row of light lunules proximally bordered by a band of brown arcs; 

 the underside is of a paler colour, being less distinctly — sometimes, however, very prominently — marmorated 

 and shaded. From the southern districts 3 broods are recorded, iMay — June, July, August — September (Dahl- 

 stroni, Jns.-Borse vol. 15. p. 135), of which the first is said to be of a lighter tint and the other two, the 

 summer- and autumn-forms, of a darker. The size varies considerably, there occurring specimens which are 

 only about iialf the normal size. The dwarfed form, in accordance with common usage in similar cases, may 

 be named ab. pusilla ab. nov. As nymotypical we have to regard, according to Tutt (Brit. Butterfl.), the form imsilla. 

 with a uniformly dark brown underside (belonging essentially to the 1. brood). Specimens with brightly mar- 

 morated underside variegated with green are ab. variegata Tutt*), and individuals with ligliter underside marmo- variegata. 

 rated with ochreous (2. brood) bear the name ab. palUdior ( Petiver) Tutt. In ab. iota-album Newnh. the c-mark paltidior. 

 of the underside is reduced to a small line, while tiie name ab. c-extinctum Schultz may be used if the mark iota-album. 

 is quite obsolete. A form which is lighter in colour and less prominently spotted and marked on both sides, '^'^^ '"'^ "'"' 

 with more obtusely angulate wings, is named ab. Iiutchinsonii fiobson**) (=lulescens5a//j, ? pallida Th/O, occurring hntdiinsonii. 

 particularly (or exclusively ?) in the ?; it appears to recur remarkably often in southern countries, being found 

 in Germany only among the summer-form, while some British collectors believe it to be the spring- (or first) 

 brood and others consider it the summer-brood (cf. Entomologist vol. 29. p. 358). Two melanotic aberrations 

 have received names: ab. reJchenstettensis Riihl, characterised by the forewing being broadly edged with dark, reidien- 

 especially at the hindmargin, from which the border extends to the disc in the shape of a triangular spot, hind- stettensis. 

 wing shaded with black except a narrow basal stripe and along the distal margin; Strassburg i. Alsatia, Harz, 

 Silesia. Further, ab. f-album Esp.***) {^= j-album Spuler) (63e) ; in this the spots of the upperside, especially the /-album. 

 costal ones of the forewing, are merged together, the distal margin is broadly darkened and the hindwing black- 

 brown. These melanotic varieties are not rarely accompanied by the C-mark being modified into an F or a 

 simple hook. Found here and there in nature, otherwise known as product of experiments with low temperatures. 



*) Our tigure PI. 63 e, c-album U, approacties more this form than the nymotypical one (according to Tutt). 

 **) This form has been named after a lady, Mrs. Hutchinson, therefore the name should be spelt "hutchinsoiiiae" or 

 "hutchinsonae" in accordance with the accepted rules of nomenclature. 



***) The figure in Esper . Schmett. Eur. t. 87, does not agree with the form figured by ourselves ; the aberrational 

 development of the original, however, lies in the same direction, as shown by the partly confluent spots , and it appears there- 

 fore advisable to extend the ai)plication of the name to the variety represented on PI. 63 e , which is generally known under 

 that name. Also reichenstettensis is a similar stage in the same direction of development. 



