Puhl. 3. XI. on. ARGYNNTS. By Dr. A. Seitz. 229 



Similar to these darkened forms is ab. transversa Tiitt, in which a number of dark spots placed on the proximal side transversa. 



of the marginal area of the upperside are united to form a black transverse band. ab. rinaldus Hbst. is the name rinaldus. 



for a variety of northern specimens with melanotic upperside (lycorias, plinthus Ljch.), in which the silver-spots 



of the underside of the hind wing are arranged in radiating stripes; in Scandinavia and Finland, very rare. 



— Egg green, conical, with slroiig ribs. Larva with pale spines and white dots, the spines placed behind the 



head longer than the others: ground-colour black, with a lead-grey macular band on the back and reddish yellow 



spots between the spines; from July until May on violet, strawberry, and wortleberry. Pu])a greyish brown, 



with black markings and small obtuse tubercles. The butterflies fly in May and, perliaps only part of this 



brood, again in August, everywhere in woods, on heaths, and in fields and meadows, the fbght being graceful 



and floating. The species is distributed all over Central and North Europe and North Asia as far as Amurland, 



but has in the most northern districts and Amurland only one brood, which is on the wing in June and July. 



A. oscarus Ei'. (67g). This rather large species differs above but little from its nearest allies, but is distin- oscarus. 

 guished bcni'ath by the median band being A^ery regular and the silvery gloss entirely absent. The median 

 band is wax-yellow throughout, and the marginal spots, which also are silvery in allied species, are white with 

 a feeble silky gloss. In eastern North Asia, from the Altai and Sajan to the Amur. — australis Graes. (= oscarus australis. 

 major Graes. i. I., maxima Fixs.) (67h) is the large southern form from the Ussun and Corea; the upperside 

 is of a pure and brighter colour, the black markings being more prominent. The spots of the forewing beneath 

 are also more intense, while the colours of the hindwing beneath contrast somewhat less, the markings being 

 less sharply defined than in oscarus. — The species flies in swampy meadows and in places with brooks, being 

 jilentiful in some localities, in May and June. 



A. iphigenia Graes. (= iphigeneia Elw.) (67h). Distinguished by the forewing being elongate, the colour iphi^enia. 

 of the uppei'side ])urer and by the hindwing beneath being only a mixture of yellow and reddish yellow, without 

 a trace of violet; tiie ground-colour in the costal area of the underside of the hindwing is as yellow as the median 

 band, the latter bearing a single silver-spot and being externally merely separated from the disc by dark lines 

 and not contrasting in colour with it. The apex of the forewing beneath broadly pale yellow. — Found near 

 Nicolajevsk, the middle of June. 



A. angarensis Ersch. (67h). About the same size as the previous; the forewing less elongate. The under- angarensis. 

 side of the hindwing bears a very close resemblance to that of A. selenis sibirica, but the costal spot of the 

 median band is essentially different in shape, as shown in the figure. Moreover, angarensis has a row of 

 silvery marginal spots, which are absent in sibirica or only indicated. The $ larger and paler. — In Amurland, 

 in June, locally very common. 



A. euphrosyne L. (= niohe Milll.) (67h). Very similar to the preceding species, especially selene, but enphrosyne. 

 brighter red and the black markings thinner in typical specimens. Easily recognized by the hindwing beneath, 

 which is bright brick-red at the base, not brown as in selene, the median band bearing only one silver-spot 

 (across the apex of the cell) and the incomplete silvery band in the distal area being replaced by some yellow 

 smears without any silvery gloss. The silvery marginal spots of tlie hindwing beneath are but very rarely 

 absent, namely in ab. obsoleta Tutt. Moreover, euphrosyne is usually a little larger, the seriated dots in the ohsoletci. 

 distal area of the hindwing beneath, which are blind in selene, bear pale centres. The species, however, varies 

 somewhat even within the same country. It is very widely distributed, occurring, besides Spain and the islands 

 in the Mediterranean, nearly throughout Europe to the high North and throughout Central and Northern Asia 

 to the Pacific Ocean; it is not found in Japan, but local forms occur in North America. — fingal Hbst. (67h) fingal. 

 is the smaller northern form, which is darker above and beneath, from Scandinavia, North Russia and North 

 Siberia, nephele H.-Sch. from Esthonia being a transition towards it and obscurior Stgr. i. I. (67h) from Kuusamo nephele. 

 in Finland its extreme development. — On the other band, apennina Stgr., the southern form from Italy, is above obscunor. 

 more fiery reddish yellow, the black markings being thinner and more sharply defined and occasionally reduced, "/"'""""'• 

 =: ab. pauca Tutt. — A number of forms intermediate between these extremes have received names: answina panca. 

 Fruhst. are small Scandinavian specimens which are similar to fingal with the ground-colour paler and tlie a'lswina. 

 black dots large. Fruhstorfer even believes to perceive subspecific differences in the specimens from the 

 North-German plains (Berlin), the Alps, the Jura, etc., the first being indeed larger and lighter than individuals 

 from South Germany and the Tyrol. — Towards the east of its enoi'uious area of distribution euphrosyne varies 

 as follows: anka Fruhst., from the Caucasus, is smaller than the Central European specimens, with thinner and anka. 

 more delicate black markings above, the silver-spots of the median band as well as the black submarginal dots of 

 the hindwing beneath smaller. — A form from Sajan (Siberia) bears on the hindw ing beneath, between the distal 

 margin and the median band, dark brown clouds, which render the outer half of the hindwing similar to that of 

 I 29 



