230 ARGYNNIS. By Dr. A. Seitz. 



umbra, selene (from which it is separated by having only one silver-spot in the median band). I call this form umbra 

 orphanus. form. nov. (67h). — orphanus Fruhst., from East Siberia and Amurland, is paler than Central European specimens 

 above and beneath, the spots of the upperside being large and united to bands; beneath more uniform, with 

 kam- larger silver-spots on the hindwing, especially at the margin. — kamtschadalis Stgr. i. 1. (67h) is the most eastern 

 tschadalis. form; the underside much brighter and bearing slight brownish clouds in the outer area (transition to umbra). 

 — Egg conical, ribbed, green, later brown. Larva stout, black, with bluish macidar stripes on the back and 

 at the sides, the spines being yellowish with black hairs or all black; head indented, cordiform, black; until 

 April on Violaceae, leaves its hiding place in day-time in order to bask in the sun. Pupa greyisli brown, yellow- 

 ish dorsally, with black markings and metallic dots. The butterflies appear in warm years already in April 

 and are- on the wing until July (in the high mountains into August), in but one brood, being found on broad 

 sunny roads in the woods and at the edges of woods. The butterfly resembles selene on the wing, but is easily 

 recognized by the brighter red upperside. Appears to be abundant wherever it occurs. 



A. pales. Varying above from fiery red-yellow to nearly black, the markings also being very variable, 



all intergradations occurring between specimens with only vestiges of black and such with the black markings 



so heavy and confluent that the ground-colour is suppressed. Recognized by the characteristic underside of 



the hindwing, and especially by the shape of the hindwing, which has a nearly straight costal margin forming 



almost a right angle with the outer margin. The species is distributed all over Europe, Central and Northern 



Asia, being partly confined to the high mountains. In the Himalayas it is one of the few Argynnis which 



pales, extend into Indian territory; it is absent from North Africa and Japan. — True pales Schiff. (67i) is characterized 



. by a red-brown upperside, which bears moderately heavy black markings, and above all by the forewing beneath 



having hardly any black spots and the hindwing beneath being but sparsely marked with silver. The colour 



isis. of the upperside is occasionally pale ochreous: ab. isis Hbn. (67i), or may be shaded with dark olivaceous 



napaea. greenish, which occurs only in the $: ab. napaea Hbn. (67i). Specimens with the upperside almost entirely black, 



thales. bearing only vestiges of the reddish yellow ground-colour in the outer area, are ab. thales Schiiltz. In ab. 



medio- mediofasciata Schuhz the great development of black is confined to the median area. In ab. killiasi RiiM the 



fasciata. markings of the forewing are absent apart from slight traces, but rather more strongly developed on tlie hind- 



' "'■*'■ wing than usual, the base, disc and the veins being more extended black. — graeca Stgr. (68b), from the Veluchi 



Mts. in Greece, but which I also received from the Parnassus through Herr Kraeber, is a rather large form, whose 



(J is very bright red; it differs in the very distinct ocelli in the outer half of the hindwing beneath and in the 



chequered fringes; somewhat resembling arsilache by the strong markings of the underside of the forewing. 



balcanica. — Specimens from the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula, called balcanicaby Rebel, forma transition to graeca. 



caucasica. — caucasica Stgr. (= arsilache H.-Sch.) (68b) is smaller, the (J is likewise very bright brick-red above, but 



sifanica. much paler beneath, and the dark markings of the $ are sometimes as if dusted with flour. — sifanica Gr.- 



Grsh., from Amdo in Tibet, differs from caucasica only in being smaller, which character is of little weight, con- 



arsiladte. sidering the great variability of pales in one and the same place. — arsilache Esp. (^= napaea Dup.) (68a) is 



the form of the plains, recognizable by the distinctly black-spotted underside of the forewing, the spots being 



sometimes as prominent as above. Also the shape of the insect is different, the wings being broader and more 



rounded, and the specimens usually larger than alpine pales. In i\orth-East Europe (Russia, North-East 



Germany), in swamps, and at the border of lakes of Western Switzerland (Wallis, Waadt) and Graubiinden; 



induda. also in Siberia. — inducta Spangb. is a darkened form of northern arsilache, corresponding to the napaea-fovm 



lapponica. ol pales. — As lapponica Stgr. specimens from western North Europe have been separated (Lapponia, Scandinavia, 



Belgium) which connect pales with arsilache; it is smaller than arsilache, the forewing beneath bears diffuse 



markings, which are hardly more washed out than in certain specimens from the high Alps and much less than 



generator, in individuals from East-Prussia and Russia. — generator Stgr. (68a) has in the ^ the upperside very bright 



reddish yellow witli very small dot-like markings, which are sometimes obsolete in the median area, while the 



korla. $ bears whitish lunules before the outer margin. Throughout Central Asia. — korla Fruhst. (68a) is a much 



larger form ; the upperside, is as red as in the preceding, but has a violet gloss, the wings being broad and 



eupales. strongly rounded, and the markings of the hindwing beneath dull and obsolescent; from Korla. — eupales 



Fruhst. (68b) is characterized by the very brightly variegated underside, beautiful moss-green spots alternating 



with cinnamon smears, which are both much more dentate and indented than in nymotypical pales; the silvery 



palina. gloss, however, is strongly reduced; in Tibet, at 9000 ft., rare. — palina Fruh.st. (68b), from West China, is 



a rather small form, whose $ is strongly marked above and has but little silvery gloss beneath; the red-brown 



darjana. colour strongly enlarged in all the spots, bands and dots; Sze-chuen. — darjana Stgr. i. I. (68a) is still more fiery 



red than generator, the median area is entirely without markings and the black colour is reduced at the base of 



the forewing and the abdominal margin of the hindwing; from Syr-Darja. — Whereas the forms from Central 



Asia mentioned above belong to the pales-series, a form from Kentei which Herr Bang-Haas has kindly sent 



me is an arsilache; its upperside is very strongly spotted with black, the forewing beneath bearing weak spots 



banghaasi. and the hindwing being very silvery. I name it banghaasi form. nov. (68a). — At the boundary of the Pale- 



