284 CHEYSOPHANUS. By Dr. A. Seitz. 



are albinotic specimens, such as occur in all species of coppers, bearing usually asymmetrical and irregular 

 rutilus. light patches on the wings in variable position. — rutilus Wernb. (= hippothoe Hbn.) (76 f, g) is the con- 

 tinental form of dispar; the forewing always without cell-spot, the discocellular spot smaller, or absent, the 

 ocelli considerably smaller on the underside of both sexes and in the $ also on the upperside. The spring- 

 vernalis. form of rutilus, vernalis Hormuz., rather closely resembles dispar in certain districts (e. g. Bordeaux, etc.), 

 while the summer-form is considerably smaller. The dark spots are sometimes enlarged to streaks, which 

 ^"^^radiata li^PP^iis especially often on the underside; this is ab. sagittifera Hormuz. (76 g). In ab. radiata Oberth. 

 nigrolineata. these streaks are also present on the hindwing, which is likewise the case in ab. nigrolineata Verity, whose red- 

 golden upperside is said to be densely dusted with red. — In the east of the Region two forms are 

 known: a reddish golden one in which the discal spots on the hindwing beneath are absent or obsolescent, 

 dalmrica. while the row of submarginal spots on the forewing is very evenly developed and regular, dahurica 

 auralua. Graes. (76 g), from Amurland. — The second form is more yellowish golden — auratus Leech (76 g) — , the 

 upperside of the ^ does never bear a discocellular spot, while the underside is distinctly spotted; the $ of 

 this form is recognized by the underside being ashy grey instead of blue-grey; from Corea, North China 

 and Tibet. Both these East-Asiatic forms have been united by Leech as well as Staudinger and Rebel, but 

 some specimens agree better with Graeser's description and others with Leech's. As Alpheraky records 

 auratus from June and Graeser his dahurica from the middle of July to August, the two insects may 

 borodoH'sfc2/i. possibly be seasonal forms. — ■ borodowskyi Gr.-Grsh. is a further form, from Manchuria; it is large, bril- 

 liantly coloured and prominently spotted. — The larva of the rutilus-iorms is dark green with paler lateral 

 stripe. It hibernates young and feeds in May on various species of Rumex and on Polygonum bistorta. 

 There are one or two broods according to the district, the butterflies being found in swampy meadows 

 which are occasionally flooded. The species, though plentiful in some places, occurs in most localities in 

 single specimens only and also not every year. By the application of low temperatures St,\ndfuss obtained 

 females in which the black markings of the upperside were modified. 



splendens. C. splendens Stgr. (76 g, h). In this magnificent, very intensely glossy golden butterfly the upper- 



side is very similar in the sexes. The wings are golden red, dusted with black at the base, the forewing 

 being traversed by one row of submarginal dots and the hindwing by tuw. The underside is similar to 

 that of dispar rutilus, the ground-colour of the hindwing being yellowish grey. From Central Asia. — Spe- 

 riolareus. cimens with the hindwing beneath dark bluish grey and the upperside slightly glossy violet are violaceus 

 Stgr., from Bast Asia (Amurland, Mongolia). 



hippothoe. C. hippothoe L. {— eurydice Rott., chryseis Bkh.) (76 h). Darker coppery golden with bluish 



sheen, both wings of the ^ broadly edged with black, inclusive of the costal margin of the forewing and 

 the anal one of the hindwing; the $ shaded with very dark. Underside almost uniformly grey, with 

 numerous ocelli, the disc of the forewing being slightly yellowish. In North, Central and South Europe, 

 sporadical, but common in many localitie^. Appears to be nowadaj's absent from England. Albinotic 

 specimens have a Avhitish upperside with a sky-blue instead of violet-blue sheen in the ^,^; this is ab. 



argcnteola. argenteola Schultz. The ocelli of the underside are sometimes reduced, the central ones (ab. decurtata 

 Schultz) or the marginal ones (ab. orba Schultz), or all, especially often in eurijbia (ab. extincta Gillm.). The 

 spots also may be prolonged and united with one another (ab. confluens Gerh.) ;n every conceivable degree. 

 eurybia. — • In the alpine form, eurybia 0. (= eurydice Hbn.) (76 h) the 5 in often entirely dark brown above with 

 the markings hardly perceivable, being on the wing hardly recognizable as a Chrysophanus; only occasion- 

 ally is the disc of the forewing above yellowish and glossy golden. The ^ has above a quite different, 

 more red gloss. In the mountains of Switzerland and Scandinavia, also in the Altai and other Asiatic 

 italica. mountains. — The form italica Calb., from the central and northern Apennines, is a transition from the 

 typical form towards eurybia. The $ is not quite dark brown above, the disc of the forewing having 

 a stronger golden brown gloss. The discocellular spot is visible in the (J but small. — An exaggerated 

 nigra, form of eurybia with the upperside of the Q deep dark brown is ab. nigra Favre. — amurensis Star. (76 i) 



(IfiltiTCtlS'lS . J \ / 



is a very large form from North China and Amurland ; the $ is very dark, bearing only in the anal area of 



the hindwing a narrow yellowish red half-band; the ocelli of the underside are strongly developed. — 



stieberi. stieberi Gerh. (76 i) is the smaller form from North Europe with bright golden red ground-colour on the 



upperside of the $, the underside bearing usually a very distinct yellowish red submarginal band, which in 



the (^(S is also very prominent on the upperside, whereas it is entirely absent from the ^^ of hippothoe 



candens. and eurybia. — candens H.-Schdff. is the form inhabiting the Balkan Peninsula and Anterior Asia. The (^^ 



have no blue sheen and the forewing above is entirely golden brown in the $$; the black margin of the 



upperside is narrower in both sexes. — Ter Haar describes some si^ecimens obtained by him at Groningen 



in Holland which he says have the blue sheen peculiarly modified, being condensed in violet-blue streaks 



groningana. and dots; he calls this form from its habitat ab. groningana. — Larva velvety dark green with brown 



head, dark dorsal line and yellow lateral one; until the middle of May on Rumex. 



