286 CHRYSOPHANUS. Bij Dr. A. Seitz. 



There occur all intergradations from eleus to the normal phlaeas of the second and third broods, which are 

 only remarkable for their somewhat larger size. These transitions have partly received names {stygianus, 

 phlaeoides. turcicus, etc.). — In the most western form, phlaeoides Stgr. from Madeira, the black colour of the hind- 

 wing is so extended that the red submarginal band is hidden. But I found such melanotic sjjecimens also 

 on the Continent, the specimen figured as „eleus" and obtained by me near Lisbon is more extended black 

 than all the specimens I caught at Funchal on Madeira. — In the high north the specimens come near the 

 American form, in which the forewing is of a lighter, more fiery, and more golden yellow-red; this is 

 hypo- iiypophlaeas Bdv. (= americana d'Urh.). This hght golden form appears to replace typical phlaeas also in 

 ■*' ' the north of Asia, since Staudinrer mentions hypophlaeas from the Amur. — South of the Amur there 



chinensis. occurs chinensis Feld. (77 b), recognizable the bright red submarginal band on the underside of the hind- 

 wing, the colour of red lead, this band being only occasionally indicated in European specimens. — A 

 gigantic form is found in .Japan, but only in the summer and autumn, which, in addition to the large and 

 prominent black markings and the red band on the underside of the hindwiug, may bear a row of bluish 

 white dots before the outer third of the upperside of the hindwing. This form I caught myself in Japan, 

 daimio. whence I obtained it also from collectors under the name of ab. daimio (77 b), which may be accepted for 

 it. — Throughout South and East Asia phlaeas appears to be excessively variable seasonally and locally, 

 and the first describers, receiving accidentally larger or smaller individuals, gave a variety of names, such as 

 timeus Cr. (Smyrna), stygianus Bull. (Kandahar), baralacha Moore (Kashmir), turcicus Gerh. (Orient). There 

 occur, however, among these forms at the same place and season specimens which are hardly different 

 from European phlaeas or eleus. An enormous number of individual aberrations is known. Of the nume- 

 rous names which have been given to such individuals, ab. alba, intermedia, purpureotincta, obliterata, 

 extensa, conjuncta, parvipuncta, remota, juncta, cuneifera, infuscata, etc., only those may be mentioned to 

 which collectors have become accustomed or which are more specially dealt with in literature. As regards 

 the ground-colour the upperside may be blackened by dark dusting, this being especially the case along the 

 albci costa: ab. suffusa Tutt. On the other hand, the ground-colour may be completely white; this is ab. alba 

 schmidtii. Tutt (= schmidtii Snell.) (77 e, erroneously called albicans on the plate), ab. schmidtii Gerh. is a form in 

 . . which the golden yellow colour is replaced by straw-yellow. If the golden colour is particularly fiery, 

 cuprilius. more red than orange, we have ab. ignita Tutt, while ab. cuprinus Peyer. which is unknown to me, ap- 

 webbi. pears to be intermediate between schmidtii and ordinary phlaeas. In ab. webbi Tutt the golden red ground is 

 normal, but the dark spots of the forewing are grey instead of deep black. In the otherwise normal ab. 

 huebneri. huebneri Tutt these spots are even whitish. The spots of the forewing vary very much in number and 

 intensity, being sometimes quite absent {obliterata). Very peculiar in aspect are specimens in which only 

 bipuHclata. the two cell-dots and the outer margin of the forewing are distinctly black; this is ab. bipunctata Tutt 

 magni- (f^^ther reduction leads to unipimctata, impunctata, remota Tutt). In ab. magnipuncta Tutt the discal dots 

 kochi. of the forewing above are enlarged; in ab. kochi Strand they are so enlarged that those of the sub- 

 fasciata. marginal row touch each other, while in ab. fasciata Streck. they are united to a discal band, only the cell- 

 spot remaining isolated. But when the discal spots are modified into streaks even this cell-spot may be 

 conjuncta, united with the outer spots, ab. conjuncta Tutt. The hindwing has occasionally thin radiating streaks 

 radiala. instead of the yellowish red submarginal band; this is ab. radiata Tutt. Moreover, there may appear new 

 markings in the shape of blue-white dots before the outer third of the hindwing above, this being ab. 

 mn^fuT cacruleopunctata Stgr. All these various aberrations in pattern may be combined in various ways; the blue 

 submarginal dots for instance may appear in true eleus, the forewing may vary in connection with the 

 hindwing, a specimen may be abnormally tailed and at the same time have the ground-colour very pale, 

 etc. To give expression to this variability double names have been adopted, for instance ab. schmidtii- 

 caudata, ab. extensa-conjuncta, ab. eleus-caeruleopimctata, etc. A further number of names were given to 

 turanica. transitional geographical forms, as for instance: turanica Bilhl from Turkestan, with feebly darkened upper- 

 oxiana. gj^jg. oxiana Gr.-Grsh. from Pamir, above very dark, beneath pale; comedarum Gr.-Grsh., upperside pale, 

 underside still paler, from the Beik pass; further pseudophlaeas Luc. for African specimens, and fuJliolus 

 Hulst and feildeni Mc-Lech. for American forms. — Egg semiglobular, coarsely punctured, whitish grey. 

 Larva green, sometimes with a red or yellow dorsal line, on species of Eumex, when young on the under- 

 side of a leaf. The individuals from the same cluster of eggs are very different in their rate of growth, 

 so that some hibernate as larva, while others already appear as butterfly in the autumn. Pupa yellowish 

 brown, often with a reddish tint; dorsal line dark, the veins of the wing-cases pale. The butterfly is on 

 the wing all through the year, with the exception of the cold winter-months. In South Europe and North 

 Africa as well as in the warm districts of Asia the butterfly appears even on fine winter days; I found it, 

 for instance, at Hiogo (Japan) in December, in northern Italy in January, on the Canary Islands in February. 

 The butterflies visit flowers, especially the clusters of thyme, and love to settle with half open wings on 

 the bare ground, on mole-hills, clods of earth, or in the middle of the road. The species is plentiful, but 

 flies singly as a rule. In North Africa, however, near Lambessa in July, I observed swarms of numerous 

 specimens which congregated about a small thistle with blue leaves. In the high mountains phlaeas goes 

 to a considerable altitude, but is here not particularly plentiful. 



