CHRYSOPHANUS. By Dr. A. Seitz. ■ 287 



C. pavana Koll. (77 c). On the upperside almost exactly like a gigantic phlaeas, for instance ab. pavana. 

 daimio; but at the apex of the cell of the hindwing there is a light spot surrounded by dark dots; the red 

 submarginal band is much narrower than in fhlaeas and composed of thin red halfmoons. On the under- 

 side, however, pavana differs much from phlaeas in the hindwing bearing proximally to the red sub- 

 marginal band a bright whitish blue band, which extends from the apex to the abdominal margin and has 

 rows of black dots both proximally and distally. — In Kashmir and the adjacent districts of the Himalayas 

 from 4 to 13 000 ft., common throughout the summer. 



C. dorilis Hufn. {= circe Schiff., garbas F., phocas Foft., dorylas Kirbij) (77 c). c? s^ibove black- dorilis. 

 brown, with a magnificent metallic green gloss when alive, with black spots corresponding to those of the 

 underside and with a very thin reddish lunate line before the margin of the hindwing. ? above similar to 

 phlaeas, but paler yellow, and with a very thin black edge instead of a broad black marginal band. 

 Beneath yellowish grey, with very numerous black ocelli and small russet-red spots before the margin. 

 Throughout Europe, from the North Sea to the Mediterranean, with the exception of Great Britain; also in 

 Asia Minor. — In the much larger subalpina Spr. {= xanthe F., montana M.-Durr) {11 d) the underside is subalpina. 

 more plumbeous grey than yellowish grey, and the red submarginal spots are reduced; from the Alps. — 

 On the other hand the underside of orientalis Stgr. {11 d) is more yellowish and the upperside of the $ is orientalis. 

 entirely blackish; from Anterior Asia to the Altai. — bleusei Oberth. {lid) is much brighter above, with Ueusci. 

 stronger yellow variegation, and the hindwing has a short triangular fail; from Castilia. — Also in this 

 species specimens with abnormally dark upperside have been found: ^^ which are devoid of the red sub- 

 marginal band to the hindwing above — ab. obscurior H. L. {= hisonGillm.) — and whose $$ are dark like obsmrior. 

 the (JcJ, also specimens with more extended light yellow area on the forewing — ab. albicans Fuchs (= nyeni albicans. 

 Ter Haar) — , both forms being quite inconstant. Other occasionally observed pale forms are a yellow one ("'g^g^j^^ 

 (ab. fulvior Stef.) and a white one (ab. upoleuca Verify). In ab. strandi Schultz the submarginal dots of the slrandi. 

 underside are modified to stripes, ab. brunnea Wheel, is an aberration of subalpina in which the dark brunnea. 

 upperside is devoid of the coppery sheen found in fresh subalpin.a. The ab. caeruleopunctata of phlaeas is 

 represented among dorilis by ab. brantsi Ter Haar {= purpureopunctata Wheel.), in which the hindwing brantsi. 

 above bears a row of whitish dots before the outer third, ab. nana Wheel, is only a dwarfed form. In nana. 

 ab. fulvomarginalis Schultz the narrow red-yellow band of the hindwing above is continued on to the fore- ("^^g^J^^jj^ 

 wing also in the (J. — Egg semiglobular, dull green, somewhat darker at the top, coarsely punctured. 

 Larva light green, minutely dotted with whitish, on the back occasionally with violet sheen, some speci- 

 mens bear minute red markings. It hibernates and feeds until April and again in the summer, on Eumex. 

 Pupa greenish or brown, with dark dorsal line and lighter sides, with minute dark dots. The butterflies 

 occur all through the summer, in the south in three overlapping broods, on roads among fields and on 

 broad sunny forest-roads; they visit according to season particularly Potentilla, Eanunculus, Chrysanthe- 

 mum, Thymus and Leontodon, and, though not confined to certain flight-jjlaces, occur sometimes in large 

 numbers together. In the Alps subalpina ascends to a considerable height (Seiser Alp). In some localities 

 dorilis flies together with alciphron. so that Mackee considers certain intermediate specimens to be hybrids 

 (ab. xanthoides). 



C. amphidamas Esp. (= xanthe Lang, helle Schiff.) {11 d). Smaller than the preceding forms, at l^^^^^l' 

 the most as large as small phlaeas. Upperside dark brown, in the $$ of the spring brood the disc of the 

 forewing reddish yellow, both wings with a sky-bJue gloss, which is especially strong in the sun in live 

 specimens. On the underside there is before the red submarginal band of the hindwing an always distinct 

 bluish white lunate band, which in the ? is usually continued on to the forewing and is accompanied by 

 black dots. The summer-form obscura Rilhl {11 e) is darker above and more yellow beneath. Otherwise the obscura. 

 variability is less than in other Chnjsophanus. Specimens from the high North have been separated as 

 lapponica Bachhaus, and Wheeler mentions that the gloss is more blue in some districts and more violet in lapponica. 

 others. — In Central and North Europe, from Belgium, Baden, and Switzerland eastward to Amurland 

 and northward to Scandinavia and Lapland, sporadic and absent from large districts. Egg flattened, 

 white with darker top. Larva rather long, light green with a pale-edged dark dorsal Hne and light yellow 

 side-stripe, in June and autumn on Polygonum bistorta (said to occur also on Eumex). Pupa yellowish 

 brown, with irregular blackish markings, dirty white on the back of the abdomen. The butterflies are on 

 the wing in May and again in July and August in damp meadows, very plentiful at their flight-places. 

 The spring-form is particularly fond of the flowers of Cardamine pratcnsis. At night the butterflies rest on 

 the underside of the leaves of Alnus and Salix, where sometimes several are found together asleep and can 

 be obtained by beating. In the north the species is found especially in the plains, while in the south of 

 its area it is more plentiful in the mountains, where it occurs up to 6000 ft. 



C. standfussi Gr.-Grsh. {11 e). Similar to the preceding species on the upperside, having the same standfussi. 

 sheen; beneath uniformly earth-grey, the forewing with but few dark ocelli; the hindwing with some rows 

 of brownish spots. The red marginal band and the blue-white lunate line found before it in amphidamas 

 are quite absent. — From the Kuku-Nor throughout Tibet to West China. The specimens from West China 



