GLOSSINA MORSITANS IN NORTHERN RHODESIA. 73 



giving hiding places to the flies. The hollow was partly filled with dead leaves, and 

 11 pupae and three empty cases were taken. Pupae were taken in ten similar 

 positions. Since the flies breed in these places, it is only reasonable to suppose that 

 they also breed in the fissures in the earth which are so plentiful in the Luangwa 

 Valley. In the dry season the swampy ground dries and cracks in every direction. 

 The cracks run several feet into the ground and are very extensive. The ground is 

 baked like Kimbcrley brick and the investigation of them would be practically 

 impossible without the use of dynamite. 



(3). Chutika, in the bed of the Bwobwa stream, a sandy gully running through 

 thick bush. This is a permanent stream during the rains, and at the time of search 

 (July) still contained pools of water. At the point under consideration there were 

 steep rocky falls about twenty feet high, with a small pool at the foot. Beyond this 

 was a stretch of firm sand on which man's footsteps made no mark, but which was 

 pitted by the hoofs of antelope and pig, the sand in the hoofmarks being soft. The 

 banks were steep and overhanging with many outgrowing roots and trunks, lower 

 down being of smooth clay, merging into the sand. The bed at this point was about 

 15 feet wide, and kept this character for about 15 yards from the base of the rocks to 

 where the banks shelved out. Pupae were found in the hoofmarks only, right across 

 the stream bed, from the point where the banks became steep nearly up to the water- 

 hole, but not where the sand was damp. It is assumed that the larvae had been 

 dropped from the overhanging banks and had crept on in search of a place to burrow 

 till they came to one of the hoofmarks. In this stretch of about twelve yards of sand 

 275 pupae and 72 cases were taken one morning, and the following day a further 

 40 pupae and 19 cases. Among the rocks above the falls 14 pupae and 11 cases were 

 found. In a stretch of fifty yards of sand with overhanging banks above the rocks 

 388 pupae and 99 cases were taken. Less than a hundred yards of this stream bed 

 thus yielded 717 pupae and 92 cases in three mornings. 



All the pupae taken at Nawalia were from a similar position (Plate i, fig. 1), but 

 in this case the sand w^as soft, the pupae were near the surface, and about nine inches 

 down the sand was wet. After good rains this stream flows practically right through 

 the dry season. Over about a hundred yards 155 pupae and 33 cases were taken. 

 The similarity of these breeding spots to those of G. jpalpaUs will be noted. 



Parasites. 



Six species of insect parasites of the pupae have been met with, and these have 

 been identified by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. 



Hymenopfera. 



(1), Matilla glossinae, Turner,* is the parasite most generally distributed. It 

 was first recorded by Eminson at Mwengwa in N. W. Ehodesia, and later by Dollman 

 at Namaula, a village near Mwengwa. The early part of the life-history is not yet 

 known. The larva when full grown has completely eaten the pupa of the tsetse-fly 

 and the puparium is left in a very weak condition, readily broken in collecting. It is 

 a white stout maggot-like insect, about 5 mm. in length and slightly curved (fig. I, a). 

 The spiracles are extremely small and difiicult to see, there being apparently eleven 



*BuU. Ent. Eos., v, pp. 381-383, 



