7o LL. LLOYD. 



was buried in the sand under a large fallen tree, and 36 pupae of G. morsitans were 

 taken under the same trunk. This species has been previously recorded from this 

 locality, at the Mvuvia stream on the other bank of the Luangwa. It must however 

 be very rare there, as the writer has only seen one other individual apart from this 

 in three months' residence at the place. 



On the Importance of Compact Villages in Fly Areas. 



The cases of sleeping sickness discovered in the Luangwa Valley have been partly 

 scattered and partly centred around certain villages : — Chinunda, Chutika, Chewanda, 

 and Kakumbi. The first two of these being on main roads gave rise to the impression, 

 now generally abandoned, that the disease was of recent introduction. The local 

 nature of the epidemics also fostered the idea that man was the main, if not the only, 

 reservoir of the trvpanosome. Three of these villages with which the WTiter is 

 famihar differ from the generality of the Luangwa villages in that they are shady 

 and scattered. 



Chinunda on the Rukusi River is in two parts, one on each side of the stream bed, 

 which is deep and shady and contains running water only during, and shortly after, 

 the rains. In such a place, it is shown elsewhere in this report, tsetse will breed if 

 food is available. There is also in the village a fence of euphorbias which give dense 

 shade, the tree being of a kind planted by the natives as a defence. 



Chutika is in two parts, with shady trees, and the water is drawn from the Mvuvia 

 stream, also a temporary one. This stream has to be crossed to reach the Luangwa 

 ford to which the villagers are constantly going during the dry season for fishing and 

 other purposes. Two of the cases at this place have been the ferry men who live in 

 the village and go down to the canoes at a call from the opposite bank. 



Kakumbi (Plate i, fig. 2) is the most interesting of the three. It is a village with 

 huts for about 150 people, and these are scattered in small groups of four or five 

 together, separated by groves of shady trees, a hundred yards or so apart. The 

 photograph shows one of these groups of huts with others partly hidden behind the 

 trees. This is a wholly exceptional type of village and is rapidly becoming 

 depopulated by the disease. Only three miles away is a village, Kanjenjera, of the 

 usual compact type, containing only one tree of any size. It contains about the 

 same number of huts as Kakumbi and is still fully populated. While the mortality 

 at Kakumbi is admitted by the natives and generally talked about, at Kanjenjera 

 they assert that they have had no cases of the disease. At Luwewa, a village of 

 fifteen huts, three miles beyond Kanjenjera, and six from Kakumbi, two cases were 

 brought to the writer, and it was stated that four others had died from the disease 

 this year. This also is a shady village. The fly is equally distributed in the bush 

 around these three places. A camp was made in Kakumbi under one of the shady 

 trees (a species of Ficus) in order to observe the behaviour of the fly in such a place. 

 The village was reached at 11 a.m. and fly was seen about the tent and under the 

 tree until night. 



Each of these places where the local epidemics have occurred (Chewanda is unknown 

 to the writer) contains the three requisites for the life of the fly, food, shade and 

 potential breeding places, while most of the Luangwa villages lack the two last of 

 these. Lack of shade probably accounts for the fly leaving the usual type of village. 



