16 MOLLUSCA. 
minating in an obtuse apex; aperture suborbicular; outer lip thin at the 
edge, a little flattened within, and slightly reflected in old shells ; pillar lip 
broad, white, and depressed on the columella, with a slight subumbilicus 
behind it in adult shells ; colour drab, orange, yellow, or brown. Length 
three quarters of an inch; breadth nearly the same. 
Common on almost all the British and Irish shores, adhering to stones, 
near high-water-mark, and not unfrequently out of reach of the tide. 
In some instances the surface is covered with very faint, obsolete, spi- 
ral strie. The colour in young shells is exceedingly various, in which 
state it is also subject to great variety in its markings. 
* This species has been often confounded with the Turbo littoreus, but 
is at once discriminated by its round, tumid, well-separated volutions, in 
every stage of growth. 
3. T. jugosus, pl. X, f. 15, 16.—First Ed., pl. 46, f. 15, 16; Maton 
and Racket, Linn. Trans., VIII, p. 158, pl. 4, f. 7; Brown, Ency. Brit., 
VI, p. 453; Montagu, p. 586, pl. 20, f. 2. 
Shell suboval, ventricose ; body very large ; spire short, consisting of 
three volutions, terminating ina moderately pointed, elevated apex ; body 
provided with ten or eleven much elevated, sharp ridges, reflected a little 
upwards, the lower yolution of the spire with three or four, and some- 
times the same number on the second; aperture suborbicular ; outer lip 
thin, subcarinated by the ridges; pillar lip broad, smooth; colour dull 
orange yellow, dark purple, and chocolate brown or purple within. 
Length and breadth about three-eighths of an inch. Found on the coasts 
of Dorsetshire, and St Ives, Cornwall. 
4. J’. tenebrosus, pl. X, f. 18, 19.—First Ed., pl. 46, f. 18. 19; Mon- 
tagu, p. 803; Turton, British Fauna, p. 179; Brown, Ency. Brit., VI, 
p. 453; Fleming, British Animals, p. 298; Pulteney, in Hutchins’ Dor- 
setshire, pl. 18, f. 15. 
Shell strong, short, conic; body large; spire short, consisting of four 
ventricose, deeply-divided volutions, terminating in a rather obtuse apex; 
aperture suborbicular; dark purplish-brown within ; outer lip thin, ex- 
cept at the lower angle, where it spreads a little, and from thence con- 
tinues to thicken on the pillar lip ; colour rich fawn, beautifully mottled 
with deep chocolate-brown, or reddish-brown. Length half an inch; 
breadth not three-eighths. Found on the coasts of Devonshire and 
Kent. It lives on rocks and mud near high-water-mark, and even in 
ditches subject to the daily flux of the tide. 
“5. T. pet'eus, pl. X, f. 17.—First Ed., pl. 46, f. 17; Helix petrea, 
Fleming, Brit. An., p. 298; Montagu, p. 403; Pulteney, in Hutchins’ 
Hist. Dorsetshire, pl. 18, f. 13; Turton, British Fauna, p. 180. 
Shell strong, conic, opaque, dark purplish-brown ; body large ; spire 
short, consisting of four moderately raised volutions, ending in a sharp, 
pointed apex; the volutions are well-defined by the separating line, 
which, in the suture of the body, rises upon the base of the superior 
volution, with a slight, abrupt, rugged edge, and does not turn inwards 
and become obsolete at the junction of the spire, as is usual with most 
turbinated species; the whole surface is coyered with faint, irregular, 
longitudinal lines of growth, and which, in the under part of the body 
above the aperture, is quite plain; aperture a little semilunar ; outer lip 
considerably produced, with an attenuated margin ; piliar lip smooth, flat, 
and diagonally reflected on the columella, the whole length of the aper- 
ture; this, as well as the inside, and corneous operculum, is of a deep- 
glossy, reddish-purple; inner lip straight, and brought to an edge. 
Length rather more than a quarter of an inch; breadth two-tenths of 
an inch. 
Inhabits rocks below high-water-mark, on the south coast of Deyon- 
shire, near the mouth of the Aun, not far from the village of Bantum, at 
Swanage, Dorsetshire, and is plentiful on the Basaltic Columns at the 
mouth of Fingal’s Cave, Island of Staffa. 
There is a variety with the upper part of the body blotched and striated 
with white and reddish-brown, but the smooth part of the pillar lip and 
inside are invariably of the same dark purple colour. 
6. T. labiatus, pl. X, f. 20, 21.—First Ed., pl. 46, f. 20, 21. 
Shell thin, short, subconic, body extremely large, and spire very small, 
being only a sixth of the length of the body, and consisting of three some- 
what inflated volutions, terminating in an obtuse apex; aperture subro- 
tund, very large, deep sienna-brown within; outer lip thin and expand- 
ing, with a pale chestnut edge; pillar lip white, very broadly reflected on 
the columella, with a slight subumbilicus in its centre; venter a little 
depressed ; a few extremely indistinct spiral wrinkles on the body, and 
[ TRACHELIPODA. 
crossed by extremely faint lines of growth; colour pale chestnut or fawn, 
beautifully clouded or blotched with purple. Length half an inch; breadth 
three-eighths. Discovered at Penzance, Cornwall, by General Bingham. 
We have since received a variety from the same locality of a pale chest- 
nut colour, inclining to green, destitute of any markings. 
7. T. ventricosus. 
Shell rather thin, smooth, conic, ventricose, body large, and the spire 
small, measuring only a third of the length of the body, consisting of four 
inflated, deeply-separated yolutions, and terminating in a rather obtuse 
apex; the superior part of the body and volutions of the spire somewhat 
flattened above, giving them a subcarinated appearance ; aperture sub- 
rotund, dark burnt-umber brown within ; outer lip thin, slightly inflected, 
and of a rich fawn colour at the edge; pillar lip broadly reflected on the 
columella, a little concave in the centre, and of a brownish-purple colour ; 
the whole exterior surface covered with zigzag markings of a deep red- 
dish-brown, and dull wood-brown, yellowish towards the margin of the 
lip ; a few obsolete lines of growth can be distinguished crossing the body. 
Length nearly five-eighths of an inch; breadth nearly halfaninch. Found 
by James Macdonald, Esq., adhering to stones near high-water-mark, in 
Clew Bay, county of Mayo, on the west coast of Ireland. 
We have also received a variety, which is obsoletely suleated spirally 
on the body; with the apex a little more acute, and the depression on 
the upper part of the volutions less conspicuous, and haying a pale buff- 
coloured spiral band on the upper margin of the body and volutions, close 
to the suture, and terminating in the apex. 
This shell is somewhat allied to both the Turbo tenebrosus and labia- 
tus ; it differs from the former in being less elongated, and in the body 
being much larger in proportion to the spire; and from the latter in the 
body being less in proportion to the spire, and in the aperture being 
greatly smaller. 
8. T. dispar, pl. X, f. 22.—First Ed., pl. 46, f. 22; Montagu, Linn. 
Trans., XI, p. 195, pl. 13, f. 4. 
Shell strong, short, conic; spire extremely small, consisting of three 
very flat volutions, separated by a fine suture; body very large, being 
five times the length of the spire, obsoletely striated in a spiral direction, 
obliquely wrinkled, longitudinally, and subcarinated at the base; aper- 
ture suborbicular, dark purplish-brown within; outer lip thin, extending 
high upon the body, and not continuous ; pillar lip very broadly reflected 
on the columella, and longitudinally concave ; colour blueish-gray, with 
one pale band near the lower extremity of the lip within. The volu- 
tions of the spire are usually decorticated. Length a quarter of an inch; 
breadth somewhat less. Found at Poole, Dorsetshire, by the Rey. Wm. 
Bingley; and has since been met with on the rocks near the Giant’s 
Causeway, west coast of Ireland. 
This species has some similitude to Turbo ziczac, but is proportional- 
ly shorter, more obtuse, has a greater disproportion between the body 
and spire, and is destitute of the zigzag markings of that species. It is 
provided with a corneous operculum, of a dusky-brown colour. 
9. T. xiczac, pl. X, f. 26, 27.—First Ed., pl. 46, f. 26, 27; Turbo 
ziczac, Maton and Racket, Linn. Trans., VIII, p. 160, pl. 4, f. 14; Mon- 
tagu, Sup., p. 185; Lister's Conchology, pl. 583, f. 388; Trochus ziczac, 
Gmelin’s Linné, p. 3587; Cheninitz, Conch., V, pl. 166, f. 1599. 
Shell conic ; spire very short, consisting of five white, or purplish- 
white, compressed volutions, separated by a fine suture, and ending in 
an acute apex, marked with equidistant, longitudinal, undulated, purple, 
or brownish-purple lines ; body large in proportion to the spire, wide and 
subcarinated at the base; aperture subovate. Length half an inch; 
breadth more than a quarter. 
Montagu says, ‘* This species is subject to some variation in colour. 
A small variety, without the zigzag lines, has been found near Sunder- 
land, by Lady Wilson.” 
10. ZT. quadrifasciatus, pl. X, f. 35.—First Ed., pl. 46, f. 35; Maton 
and Racket, Linn. Trans., VIII, p. 167; Montagu, p. 328, pl. 20, f.7; 
Brown, Ency. Brit., VI, p. 455; Ibid. in Wernerian Memoirs, II, p. 
522. 
Shell strong, smooth, subpellucid, subconic; spire short, consisting of 
three rounded, depressed yolutions, and terminating in an obtuse apex; 
body very large, being nearly double the length of the spire ; colour white, 
or yellowish-white, with four yellowish-brown, or reddish-brown, trans- 
verse bands on the body, and generally two on the lower volution of the 
spire. In some specimens the bands are united, and form two broad 
