aan 
Carpiacka. | 
Cor, Montagu, p. 134 and 578; Ib., Sup., p. 50; Donovan, IV, 
pl. 134; Laskey, Wernerian Mem., I, p. 385, pl. 8, f.7; Brown, 
Wernerian Mem., II, p. 511 and 535. 
Shell subglobose, much inflated, heart-shaped, strong; with 
strong, irregular, transverse wrinkles, increasing in coarseness 
and elevation as they approach the base of the valves; covered 
with a dark brown, or reddish-brown epidermis; umbones large, 
greatly contorted, the beaks pointed upwards, much turned to 
one side, considerably apart from each other, and a somewhat 
hollowed space below them, on each side of the junction of the 
valves; inside dull yellowish-white, frequently tinged with pale 
flesh-colour, and pale buff; surface of large specimens rather 
uneven; margins smooth, and sharp on the edge; muscular 
impressions strongly marked, that on the left side deep ; hinge 
with very prominent teeth, standing above the level of the 
valve; in the right valve an erect cardinal and a longitudinal 
tooth, fitting into deep sockets in the opposite valve, which is 
provided with a double erect cardinal tooth. 
Found in Bantry Bay, Dublin Bay, and Cove of Cork, Ire- 
land; off St. Abb’s Head, Scotland; and is said to inhabit the 
Hebrides. 
Genus 8.—Carp1uM.—Linneus. 
Shell equivalve, nearly equilateral, and more or less gaping 
posteriorly ; generally with strong ribs, radiating from the um- 
bones to the margins; inside of the lips crenulated, or dentated, 
corresponding in size to the ribs; two approximate, oblique, 
cardinal teeth in both valves, locking into each other crossways, 
and with two remote, lateral teeth in both valves; two lateral, 
distinct, muscular impressions in each valve; mantle impressions 
entire; liagament external. 
1. CarpiuM AcuLEATUM, pl. XXXIV, f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 
and 7. 
Cardium aculeatum, First Ed., pl. 21, f. 1, 2; Montagu, p. 
77; Cardium ciliare, the young shell, Montagu, p. 79; Dono- 
yan, I, pl. 6; Fleming, p. 420; Turton, Biv., p. 180, pl. 13, f. 
6, 7; Forbes, p. 45; Brown, Wernerian Mem., II, p. 508. 
Shell suborbicular, very convex; anterior side rounded; pos- 
terior side subtruncated, produced at its lower marginal angle; 
with about twenty-one strong, longitudinal, square-sided ribs, 
emanating at the umbones and terminating on the margins, 
which are strongly scalloped, the termination of the ribs of one 
valve locking into the base of the furrows in the opposite one ; 
each rib with a central, longitudinal sulcus, in which are planted 
numerous, short, compressed, arcuated spines, these are longer 
and more acute on the sides of the valves; outside of a yel- 
lowish-brown colour, with transverse, distant, broad bands of 
brown, and generally darker in the sulci, which are deep and 
transversely striated; inside glossy, yellowish, flesh-coloured, or 
purple, with flattened ribs, caused by the external furrows being 
raised internally, the interstices between the ribs white, are of 
a paler hue than the rest of the interior. Diameter nearly four 
inches. 
Inhabits the South Devonshire coast; Dowlish, Warren, 
Torcross, the Hebrides, and Orkney Islands; Dublin Bay and 
Portmarnock, Ireland. 
Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 7, the young shell; the latter is Cardium 
ciliare of Donovan and Montagu. 
MOLLUSCA. 87 
2. CARDIUM ECHINATUM, pl. XXXIV, f. 6 and 8. 
Cardium echinatum, First Ed., pl. 21, f. 6 and 8; Montagu, 
p- 78; Turton, Biv., p. 183; Fleming, p. 421; Brown, Wer- 
nerian Mem., II, p. 509. 
Shell suborbicular, very convex; umbones nearly central ; 
with about eighteen longitudinal, somewhat wrinkled ribs, pro- 
vided with a central series of numerous, close-set, convex 
spines, the intervening furrows deep, and transversely striated ; 
the base of the ribs of one valve locking into the intervening 
furrows of the opposite valve; colour rusty orange-yellow ; 
inside white, glossy, sometimes slightly tinged with yellow. 
Diameter two and a half inches. 
This shell differs from C. echinatum, in being more orbicular, 
considerably less, the ribs rounder, the furrows more wrinkled, 
the spines not so long, and blunt at the points. It is common 
on all the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. 
Fig. 8, the young shell. 
3 CaRDIUM TUBERCULATUM, pl. XXXIV, f. 9. 
Cardium tuberculatum, First Ed., pl. 21, f. 9; Lamarck, VI, 
pt. Ist, f. 8; Montagu, p. 79 and 568; Donovan, III, pl. 107, 
f. 2; Turton, Biy., p. 181; Fleming, p. 421. 
Shell strong, ponderous, nearly globular; umbones large, 
much inflected; anterior side slightly flattened ; posterior side 
well rounded ; surface covered with about twenty-one rounded 
ribs, the anterior ones beset with short, rounded, blunt tuber- 
cles, and the posterior ones a little scaly ; the intervening fur- 
rows roughly and irregularly striate transversely; colour of a 
pale rusty-brown; inside cream-white, with the ribs extending 
only half way up from the base of the valves. Diameter nearly 
four inches. 
Inhabits the Sands at Falmouth, Cornwall, Paignton Sands, 
Torbay. It is, however, a rare British species. 
4. CaRpDIUM EDULE, pl. XXXV, f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 
Cardium edule, First Ed., pl. 22, f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; Mon- 
tagu, p. 76; Turton, Biv., p. 188; Fleming, p. 422; Forbes, 
p- 46; Cardium rusticum, Donovan, IV, pl. 124, f. 1, 2. 
Shell yellowish-white, subglobose, oblique; with about twenty- 
six antiquated, longitudinal ribs, provided with numerous, trans- 
verse, scaly processes, and wide-set lines of growth; posterior 
end a little elongated; inside white; the muscular impressions, 
and produced side, frequently of a rusty-brown; the internal 
ribs reaching only about a fourth of the length of the shell from 
the margins, which are deeply scalloped. 
This shell is common on almost all sandy shores in Great 
Britain and Ireland. It frequently grows to a large size, par- 
ticularly in Orkney, where it often attains nearly two inches 
and a quarter in length. 
in its contour. 
Figs. 5 and 6, the young shell. At the first stage it is nearly 
orbicular, which will at once distinguish it from the C. fasciatum 
and C. exiguum. 
Fig. 2, the ordinary size of the shell. 
Fig. 1, drawn from a specimen found at Waterford, Ireland. 
Fig. 3, taken from a specimen obtained at the basin of Mon- 
trose, where it is the ordinary form; the transverse scales of the 
ribs of a reddish-brown. 
Fig. 4, a very beautiful, thin variety, found in Lough Strang- 
It is subject to considerable variety 
ford, Ireland, generally of a rusty-brown colour. 
Fig. 7, Cardium rusticum of Donovan. 
