90 MOLLUSCA. 
Shell strong, subtriangular, subcordiform, and moderately 
convex; umbones much turned to the posterior side, acute, and 
approximate, beneath them a large, oblong, deeply impressed, 
longitudinally striated lunule; whole surface covered with 
numerous, prominent, rounded, transverse, narrow ribs, which 
are reflected at their superior edges, with several inequidistant, 
remote lines of growth, almost all of which are provided with 
very fine, intermediate, concentric stria, which can only be dis- 
tinctly seen by the aid of a lens; cartilage or posterior side with 
a long, wide, hollow space, which is beset with numerous, fine, 
sharp, obliquely longitudinal strie; external surface cream- 
white, frequently with several longitudinal rays of chestnut- 
colour, differing in degree of intensity in various individuals ; 
most commonly, the central one very broad, and often mottled 
or streaked with zigzag markings; in some specimens, however, 
it is devoid of markings of any kind; inside white; margin 
finely crenulated. Size varying from three-quarters of an inch 
to an inch and a quarter. 
This species is met with on almost all the coasts of Britain 
and Jreland. 
2. VENUS RUGOSA, pl. XXXVI, f. 14. 
Venus rugosa, First Ed., pl. 20, f. 14; Pennant, IV, p. 95, 
pl. 56, f.50; Ortygia rugosa, Leach, MSS., p. 8; Venus Gal- 
lina, var., Montagu, Syn., p. 113; Donovan, II, pl. 68, left 
hand figure ; Venus pallida, Turton, pl. 10, f. 5. 
Shell strong, subtriangular, and subcordiform; umbones 
rather prominent, with an elongated lunule under them, and a 
hollow elongated space on the cartilage hinge-line, with fine, 
obliquely longitudinal striz ; whole surface of a uniform red- 
dish-brown, rarely cream-white, covered by sharp, elevated, in- 
terrupted, lamelliform ribs, which make the shell feel rough to 
the touch; the intervening spaces covered with nearly obsolete, 
longitudinal striz; inside white; margin rathar blunt, and finely 
crenulated interiorly. Seldom exceeding an inch in length. 
This shell bears a strong affinity to V. Gallina, but differs in 
the form of the ribs, in being provided with longitudinal striae, 
and in the valves being considerably more inflated, in propor- 
tion to their size. 
Found in the Friths of Forth and Clyde, and Dawlish. 
3. VENUus suLcaTa, pl. XXXVI, f. 12. 
Ortygia sulcata, First Ed., pl. 20, f. 12; Ortygia Pri- 
deauxiana, Leach, MSS., p. 8; Venus Gallina, Turton, Biv., 
pl. 9, f. 2. 
Shell subtriangular, subcompressed, the dorsal side rather 
pointed, moderately strong; umbones produced, much turned 
to one side, with an oblong, cordiform depression under them ; 
of a pale cream-white, with frequently from two to four rays 
of a deep chestnut-brown, interrupted by the ribs, and the 
intervening spaces often mottled all over with the same colour ; 
frequently destitute of radiations or markings; whole surface 
covered with many transverse, nearly equidistant, somewhat 
remote, elivated ribs, and the intervening spaces smooth ; 
inside white; margin blunt, and finely crenulated. Length 
seldom more than three-quarters of an inch. 
Found on the Devonshire coast; and also in Lough Strang- 
ford, Ireland. 
Distinguished from the two former species, by its remote ribs 
and more triangular form, which it assumes in its earliest stages 
of growth; and it is much less yentricose than either. 
[ConcHacka. 
4. Venus costatTa, pl. XXXVI, f. 13. 
Ortygia costata, First Ed., pl. 20, f. 13. 
Shell suborbicular, subcompressed; umbones somewhat ob- 
tuse, and subcentral; whole surface of a pale reddish-brown, 
and covered by remote, rather elevated, transverse, white ribs; 
inside white ; margin crenulated. 
Differs from any of the preceding species, in its more orbicu- 
lar form, and in the character of the ribs. 
Found by me at Seaton, Northumberland. 
5. VENUS LAMINOSA, pl. XXXVII, f. 14, 15. 
Ortygia subcordata, First Ed., pl. 19, f. 14, 15; Montagu, 
Sup., p- 38; Venus laminosa, Laskey, Wernerian Mem., I, p. 
384, pl. 8, f. 16, 16. 
“Shell ovate, with numerous concentric laminal ridges, very 
little reflected, and not quite regular nor equidistant, but so 
thin as to be almost membranaceous; between the ridges, 
about the umbonal region, where a natural decortication has 
taken place, it is finely striated in the longitudinal direction, 
which shews that younger specimens are more generally fur- 
nished with such striae, but in the only large specimen we have 
had an opportunity of examining, scarcely any such markings 
were observed but where the old shell had been superficially 
separated; umbo pointed, much reclined to one side, beneath 
which is a broad cordiform depression; but neither this, nor 
the cartilage slope differs in colour from the rest of the shell, 
which is wholly of a dirty white; inside white; hinge furnished 
with four teeth in each valve, but the outer one above the 
cordiform depression in one valve is obsolete, or formed only 
by a cavity for the reception of the corresponding tooth in the 
Length somewhat 
more than an inch; breadth about an inch and a quarter.”— 
Montagu. 
Said to have been dredged off the Isle of May, Frith of 
Forth, by Captain Laskey. 
6. VxENus vERRUCOSA, pl. XXXVI, f. 16.* 
Clausina verrucosa, First Ed., pl. 20, f. 16; Venus verrucosa, 
Poli, I, p. XVIII, pl. 21, f. 18, 19; Donovan, ITI, pl. 46; Mon- 
tagu, p. 112; Fleming, p. 446; Turton, Biv. p. 140; Venus 
Erycina, Pennant, IV, p. 94, pl. 54, f. 48. 
Shell suborbicular, cordiform, strong, thick, convex, subtrun- 
cated at the lower angle of the dorsal side; umbones much 
inflexed anteriorly, sharp-pointed, and approximate, beneath 
them a large, elongated, cordiform, deeply defined lunule, finely 
striated longitudinally, with the seam twisted; whole surface 
covered with strong, elevated, transverse, varicose, concentri- 
cally striated ribs; the warts being larger, and more elevated 
on the posterior side ; all the intervening furrows with broad, 
wide-set, longitudinal strie, giving the shell a very rugose 
aspect; cartilage slope of the left valve inflected; a deep, elon- 
gated, obliquely striated space extends from the umbones on 
the cartilage slope, to the subtruncature of the valves; colour 
of a dirty white, or dull rusty-brown ; inside smooth, white, 
with a flat, thickened, crenated margin. 
In the young condition, the ridges are more perfect than in 
the adult, with the interstices finely crenulated. 
Found on the coasts of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Kent, and 
Northumberland; as also Dublin Bay, Portmarnock, Balbrig- 
gin, and other localities, Treland. 
opposite valve; margin finely crenulated. 


