CASSIDID A. 201 
the edge finished with oil-stone. It is next cemented to a block 
of wood, which serves as a handle to be grasped by the artist 
while tracing out with a pencil the figure to be cut on the shell. 
The pencil-mark is followed by a sharp point, which scratches 
the desired outline, and this again by delicate tools of steel 
wire, flattened at the end and hardened, and by files and 
gravers, for the removal of the superfluous portions of the 
white enamel. A common darning-needle, fixed in a wooden 
handle, forms a useful tool in this very minute and delicate 
species of carving. The careful manipulation necessary in this 
work can only be acquired by experience; the general shape 
must first be wrought, care being taken to leave every projection 
rather in excess, to be gradually reduced as the details and 
finish of the work are approached. To render the high parts 
more distinct during the process of carving they are slightly 
marked in black.—Simmonps, Commercial Products of the Sea, 272. 
sEmicassis, Klein. (Cassidea, Swn.) Shell oval, with revolving 
ribs, spire moderate, sharp. C. canaliculatus, Brug. (1xii, 23). 
PHALIUM, Link. (Bezoardica, Schum., 1817.) Shell varicose, 
angular behind, oval, with moderate spire; outer lip usually 
strongly dentated in front. (C.undatus, Mart. (Ixii, 24). 
“CASMARIA, H. and A. Adams. Shell smooth, whorls simple or 
subplicate, spire moderate; inner lip smooth, callous, outer lip 
margined, smooth or slightly crenulated on the inner edge. C. 
pyrum, Lam. (1xii, 25). 
CASSIDEA, Link. (Cypreecassis, Stutchb.) Shell ovate, spire 
short; mouth narrow, subcanaliculate behind, columella plicate 
its entire length; varices none or obsolete. No operculum. 
The mantle-margins are reflected over the lips of the shell. C. 
testiculus, Linn. (1xii, 26). 
LEVENIA, Gray. Shell oval, subcylindrical, spire short, conic ; 
aperture narrow, contracted in the middle, columellar lip plicate 
throughout, outer lip without external rib, inflected and dentate. 
Operculum narrow. C. coarctatus, Gray (xii, 27). 
CassipariA, Lam. 
Etym.—Cassida, a helmet. 
Syn.—Galeodea, H. and A. Adams. Morio, Montf. 
Distr.—5 sp. Mediterranean. Fossil, 30 sp. Cretaceous, 
EKocene—; Europe, West Indies. C. echinophora, Linn. (lxii, 29). 
Shell nodulous, ovate or oval-oblong, somewhat attenuated in 
front to a short, subascending canal; inner lip more or less 
spread over the body-whorl, tuberculated or plicate, outer lip 
reflected, ribbed and plicate within. Operculum corneous, ovate, 
summit median and marginal, outer edge sinuous. 
ScONSIA, Gray. Shell oval-fusiform, with revolving striz and 
a single longitudinal varix ; aperture long, canal very short, and 
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