LITTORINIDZA. 241 
The foot is divided by a longitudinal line and in walking the 
sides advance alternately. The periwinkle and trochus are the 
food of the thrush, in the Hebrides, during winter. The lingual 
canal of the periwinkle passes from the back of the mouth under 
the esophagus for a short distance, then turns up on the right side, 
and terminates in a coil (like spare rope) resting on the plaited 
portion of the gullet. It is 24 inches long, and contains about 
600 rows of teeth; the part in use, arming the tongue, comprises 
about 24 rows. 
The species above referred to, L. littorea, is an exceedingly 
numerous mollusk of Northern Europe; it appears to have 
become naturalized on the New England coast, where its area 
is rapidly increasing. Itis largely consumed as an article of food 
in Europe, not only at the sea-ports and fishing villages, but 
even at the great capitals; 1900 tons of it being sold annually 
in London and employing a thousand persons in gathering it. 
It is also extensively used as bait, and to keep the oyster grounds 
clear of sea-weed—for which purpose the Essex oystermen regu- 
larly distribute many bushels of winkles over their grounds. 
Many of the large species, including the above and the 
American species ZL. irrorata, Say,are in a great measure amphib- 
ious, living on the rocks along the shore, where they are washed 
by the tide. Several individuals of a West Indian species, sur- 
vived deprivation of water for more than a year in my cabinet. 
MELARAPHIS, Muhlfeldt. Shell rather thin, conical, with pointed 
spire; surface with revolving strizw,and usually variegated with 
brilliant colors. Tropical and subtropical. ZL. angulifera, Linn. 
(lxix, 20). 
NERITOIDES, Brown. (Neritrema, Recluz.) Shell short turbi- 
nated or subglobose ; spire very short, with obtuse apex ; solid, 
inner lip much thickened and excavated. L. obtusata, Linn. 
(xix, 21). 
CYCLONEMA, Hall. Shell somewhat thinner than in the living 
Littorine. Paleozoic. 40 sp. U.S., Europe. ZL. cancellata, 
Hall (1xix, 22). 
RAULINIA, Mayer, 1864. Shell turbinate, ovate-oblong, rather 
thin, spirally sulcate; aperture ovate-oblong, margin simple, 
angulate behind, subeffuse in front ; columellar lip wide, arcuate, 
with a central tooth. Fossil. Paris basin. A living Australian 
species. JL. alligata, Desh. (1xix, 23). 
A large number of paleeozoic, mostly smooth shells like Platy- 
ostoma, Conr.. Holopea, Hall, Macrocheilus, Phillips, ete., which 
are generally referred elsewhere, may very probably belong to 
Littorinide. 
