ANTHURIDEA 15 



sionally also pleopod 1 in Oniscidea and Asellota) with endopod bearing 

 copulatory stylet. One pair of uropods on pleonite 6. Young leave brood- 

 pouch as manca, i.e., resembling adult but lacking pereopod 7; in Epi- 

 caridea, manca stage represented by epicaridium stage; latter transforms 

 into microniscium and then cryptoniscium stage, before becoming adult. 



Suborder Anthuridea Leach, 1814 



DIAGNOSIS Body generally elongate and subcylindrical. Eyes absent in 

 some genera. Antennular peduncle of three articles; antennal peduncle of five 

 articles. Mandible with palp of one to three articles, or absent; body of mand- 

 ible either styliform and lacking molar and lacinia mobilis, or with molar 

 variously specialized or reduced, lacinia mobilis absent, and spine-row modi- 

 fied to form platelike lamina dentata. Maxilla 1 with inner ramus reduced, 

 outer ramus slender. Maxilla 2 rudimentary. Maxilliped variable, with palp 

 of one to five articles, endite present, modified, reduced, or absent. Pereonite 

 1 free. Pereopod 1, or pereopods 1-3 subchelate; pereopods 4-7 generally 

 ambulatory. Pleonites 1-5 free or fused, pleonite 6 partly or completely fused 

 with telson. Pleopods 1-5 similar, or pleopod 1 variously modified to form 

 operculum. Uropodal exopod often folded dorsally over pleotelson. 

 Pleotelson with pair of statocysts, with single statocyst, or lacking statocysts. 



REMARKS Protogyny has been demonstrated in several species of An- 

 thuridea. The order of development in these cases is: egg, manca (both in the 

 broodpouch), immature subadult, ovigerous female, premale, male, with 

 varying numbers of molts between each stage. At least one molt takes place 

 between ovigerous female and premale, the latter being distinguished by the 

 loss of the oostegites and by the elongation of, and acquisition of more flagel- 

 lar articles in, the antennule. One or two molts take place between premale 

 and sexually mature male, the latter being characterized by the possession of 

 elongate antennular flagella bearing dense whorls of aesthetascs, a more set- 

 ose and/or spinose pereopod 1, and sometimes by an elongation of the pleon 

 and uropods. In some genera, the males have somewhat atrophied 

 mouthparts, suggesting that they do not feed at this stage. As a result of this 

 seemingly widespread protogyny, sex ratios are strongly biased toward 

 females, and in several species males are not yet known. 



The number of families in the suborder Anthuridea has not been settled. 

 At present, three families are recognized. Doubtless, further families will be 

 defined and the genera reshuffled. 



