XXVI 
INTRODUCTION. 
(p. 30); and irregular when the parts are dissimilar, as in the peculiar papil¬ 
ionaceous (butterfly-like) corolla of the Pulse Family (p. 90). 
139. Among the forms of the regular monopetalous corolla are, the bell- 
shaped or campanulate, which enlarges gradually from a rounded base to 
the open and spreading border : the funnel-shaped or infundibuliform, 
where a longer tube enlarges gradually below, but expands widely at the 
summit, as in the Morning-Glory : the tubular , which is more or less cylin¬ 
drical throughout and elongated : the salver-shaped (or hypocraterifoifti), 
where the limb or border spreads abruptly at right angles with the summit of 
the slender tube, as in the Primrose (p. 281) and Phlox (p. 344) : and the 
wheel-shaped (or rotate), which is like the last, but with the tube much shorter 
than the limb, as in the Bittersweet (p. 354). The principal irregular form 
which has received a distinct name is the labiate or 2-lipped, where the 
petals are unequally united so as to form an upper and a lower lobe or lip, 
as in the Mint Family (p. 313). It is ringent ox gaping, when the lips are 
spreading and the throat open; and personate or masked when closed by 
the approximation of the lips, or by a protuberance of the lower one, 
called the palate, as in the Snapdragon and Toad-Flax (p. 296). 
140. A flower which possesses both kinds of the essential organs is per¬ 
fect. When the stamens and pistils occupy separate flowers, these are 
diclinous or separated ; and either monoecious, when both the stamen-bear¬ 
ing ( staminate or sterile) and the pistil-bearing (pistillate or fertile) flowers 
are borne by the same individual plant (as in the Oak Family, d. 412); or 
dioecious, where they are borne on different individuals (as in the Willow 
Family, p. 424, and the Hemp, p. 435). 
141. The Stamens, or fertilizing organs (sometimes collectively termed 
the Andr(Ecium), arise from the receptacle next within or above the petals. 
142. A stamen consists of two parts j the stalk or Filament, and the 
usually knob-like body borne on its apex, the Anther. The latter is 
analogous to the blade of a leaf; the former to the leaf-stalk, and, like it, 
is often wanting) when the anther, the essential organ of the stamen, is 
sessile (59). 
143. The anther is normally composed of 2 hollow lobes, placed side by 
side, or is 2 -celled; each lobe or cell corresponding to the side of a leaf, 
and the prolonged apex of the filament to which they are fixed (the con¬ 
nective! corresponding to the midrib. The minute, dust-like grains 
which fill the interior constitute the Pollen, which, discharged from the 
cells of the anther as they open (commonly lengthwise by a slit or chink 
down the outer side), falls upon the stigma (149), and serves to fertilize 
the ovary (179). 
144. The anther appears to be fixed to the filament in three principal 
ways. Sometimes its base rests directly on the apex of the filament, as in 
Menispermum (p. 19), when it is innate, or erect: sometimes it is attached 
by a point to the apex of the filament on which it lightly swings, as 
in the Lily, when it is versatile: or occasionally the cells occupy one 
side of a connective which is a continuous prolongation of the fila¬ 
ment, to one side of which the anther is apparently adherent by its whole 
length ; and hence it is adnate, — either to the face next the pistil, when 
it is introrse (turned inwards), as in Magnolia (p. 17), or to the face to¬ 
wards the petals, when it is extrorse (turned outwards), as in Liriodendron 
(P- 18)- 
145. Sometimes the anther-cells, instead of opening by a longitudinal 
slit, discharge their pollen through a pore or small chink at the apex) as in 
most of the Heath Family, p. 256, in the Potato, p. 354, &c. Rarely they 
open by valves, hinged above and uplifted like trap-doors, either a sing 
one to each cell, as in the Barberry (p. 20) and Benzoin (p. 394), or a pai 
of them, as in the Sassafras (p. 394). 
