OUTLINES OF BOTANY. 
XXXI 
base next the placenta with which funiculus directly connects it, while the 
orifice or apex is at the opposite extremity 5 of which the Cistus Family 
(p. 47) affords good examples. 
176. In the campy lutropous or curved ovule, the whole curves round on 
itself in the course of its unequal growth, so as to become more or less 
kidney-shaped, and to bring the apex round in proximity to the chalaza. 
Those of the Mignonette (p. 42), Mustard Family (p. 30), and Pink Family 
(p. 55) are of this sort. 
177. In the anatropous or inverted form, which is the most common case 
(of which the Violet affords a good example), the ovule is straight, as in the 
orthotropous, but has become bodily inverted on its stalk in an early period 
of its development, so that the orifice or real apex, brought down by the 
side of the stalk, points to the placenta, while the chalaza occupies the op- 
f iosite extremity, or the apparent apex. The portion of the stalk which 
ies in contact with the side of the ovule coheres to it, and receives the 
name of the Raphe. This remains firmly thus attached in the seed; so 
that the Hilum, or scar left on the seed when it separates from the stalk, 
is next the orifice or true apex, and quite at the opposite end from the 
chalaza ; instead of being at the chalaza, as in the preceding kinds. 
178. A modification of the last, called the amphitropous form, is precisely 
like it, except that the stalk adheres only halfway down to form a raphe, 
and the free part of the stalk then diverges, so that the ovule stands across 
its apex, with the hilum equidistant between the chalaza at one end and 
the orifice at the other. 
179. The ovules are fertilized through the agency of the pollen (143). 
The pollen-grains that fall upon the stigma, or some of them, soon emit, 
through some part of their thickish outer coat, a delicate prolongation of 
the thin and extensile inner coat, in the form of a slender tube, filled 
with the fluid which the grain contains, and with the minute molecular 
matter that floats in it: this tube penetrates the stigma and imbeds itself 
deeply in the loose tissue of the style. Shortly after, similar tubes or 
threads, generally supposed to be prolongations of these, are found in the 
placenta, whence they have often been traced into the orifice of the ovule, 
or into contact with the projecting apex of the nucleus j in which the nas¬ 
cent embryo (15,209) subsequently appears, first as an apparently single 
cell or vesicle of cellular tissue, suspended by a thread-like chain°of 
smaller cells. This primary cell soon gives rise to a mass of minute cells, 
which, as they increase and grow, are at length fashioned into the ultimate 
and specific form of the embryo. The Radicle or root-end of the embryo 
is always that extremity by which it was at first suspended : consequently 
it always points towards the orifice of the ovule, or the micropyle. 
180. The fertilized ovule becomes the seed; and the ripened and full- 
grown seed-bearing ovary forms 
9. Tlie Fruit. 
181. The Fruit consists of the matured ovary (the Pericarp or Seed- 
vessel) and its contents, along with any other parts that may be incorpo¬ 
rated with it; such as an adherent calyx, which in the apple and pear, be¬ 
coming greatly thickened and fleshy, makes up the principal bulk of the 
fruit, and in the quince forms the whole edible mass. 
182. Sometimes a calyx becomes fleshy or berry-like without adhering at 
all to the pericarp itself, as in the Creeping Wintergreen (p. 264) : some¬ 
times it is the receptacle alone which becomes pulpy and edible, as in the 
Strawberry (p. 123). The organizable nutritive matter often accumulates 
largely in the pericarp, which, becoming soft or juicy as it ripens, forms a 
berry. Often there is no accumulation farther than what is immediately 
required for the seeds, when the walls of the pericarp remain leaf-like, or 
