184 DIPSACEJE. (TEASEL FAMILY.) 
with a 4-leaved calyx-like involucel investing the ovary and fruit 
(achenium). Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb cup¬ 
shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft. Sta¬ 
mens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and 
coarse biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. 
(Name from Si^da, to thirsty probably because the united cup¬ 
shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold water.) 
1* sylvcstris, Mill. (Wild Teasel.) Prickly; leaves 
lance-oblong, toothed, or the uppermost entire ; leaves of the involu¬ 
cre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering into a long 
flexible awn with a straight point. — Naturalized by road-sides. Aug. 
D. Full6num, the Fuller’s Teasel, which has a shorter involu¬ 
cre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising 
a nap upon woollen cloth, is occasionally cultivated. 
Order 56. COMPOSITE. (Composite Family.) 
Flowers in close heads (the compound flower of the older 
botanists), upon a common receptacle , surrounded by an in • 
volucre , with 5 ( rarely 4) stamens inserted on the corolla , 
their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious) . — Calyx-tube 
united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb {pappus ) crowning 
its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c., or 
cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap¬ 
shaped or tubular; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in 
the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 
2-clefr at the apex. Fruit seed-like {achenium), dry, con¬ 
taining a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen.— 
An immense family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions, 
without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monoecious or 
dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped {HgU’ 
ate) corolla are called rays or ray-flowers : the head which 
presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is 
7 adiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk; and a 
head which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid . The 
leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture, are 
termed scales. The bracts or scales which often grow on 
