185 
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 
the receptacle among the flowers are called the chaff : when 
these are wanting the receptacle is naked . 
*** The technical characters of the tribes, derived from the style and stigmas, be¬ 
ing of difficult application, an artificial analysis, founded on more obvious distinc¬ 
tions, is here introduced for the assistance of the learner, in place of the ordinary 
synopsis. The proper natural arrangement is followed in the text, and is indicated 
by the numbers affixed to the genera. 
Suborder I. TUBULIFLORjE. 
Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3-4-) 
lobed; the ligulate or ray-flowers, w T hen present, either pistillate only, 
or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil), and occupying the border. 
* Rays none; the flowers all tubular. (Coreopsis, Bidens, and Sene - 
do have some species which are destitute of rays.) 
Flowers all perfect and alike. 
•*+Pappus of naked capillary bristles. 
1. Vernonia. Heads many-flowered. Pappus double; the outer a 
row of stout bristles much shorter than the achenium. 
57. Lappa. Heads many-flowered. Pappus simple, of separate bris¬ 
tles. Involucre burr-like, armed with hooked prickles. 
56. Onopordon. Heads many-flowered. Pappus simple, the bristles 
united at the base into a horny ring. Involucre armed with 
straight prickles. 
50. Cacalia. Heads 5 - 30-flowered. Pappus of very fine and co¬ 
pious soft bristles. Scales of the involucre in a single row. 
Leaves alternate. 
6. Eupatorium. Heads 3-many-flowered. Pappus of scanty and 
roughish slender bristles. Scales of the involucre 8 - many. 
Receptacle flat. Leaves chiefly opposite. Not climbers. 
7. Mixania. Heads 4-flowered. Pappus, &c., as in the last. Scales 
of the involucre 4. Receptacle small, flat. Climbers. 
8. Conoclinium. Heads many-flowered. Receptacle conical, oth- 
wise as in Eupatorium. 
19. Bigelovia. Heads 3 - 4-flowered. Pappus of capillary roughish 
bristles. Scales of the club-shaped involucre 10-14, ap- 
pressed, rigid. Receptacle pointed. Leaves alternate. 
Pappus of plumose or bearded bristles. 
55. CiRsruM. Heads many-flowered. Pappus plumose below. In¬ 
volucre greatly imbricated. Achenia oblong. Corolla o- 
cleft. Plant prickly. 
5. Kuhnia. Heads 10-25-flowered. Pappus strongly plumose. 
Involucre slightly imbricated. Achenia cylindrical, many- 
striate. Corolla 5-toothed. 
4. Liatris. Heads few - many-flowered. Pappus plumose or bar- 
bellate. Achenia tapering to the base. Corolla 5-cleft. 
16 * 
