438 
URTICACEJ2. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 
Subclass II. GYMNOSPERIVLE. 
Pistil represented by an open scale, or leaf, or entirely 
wanting; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a 
pericarp), and fertilized by the direct application of the 
pollen. Cotyledons often more than two. 
Order 108. CONIFERJE. (Pine Family.) 
Trees or shrubs , with resinous juice, mostly with awl- 
shaped or needle-shaped entire leaves , and monoecious or 
dioecious flowers in catkins , destitute of calyx or corolla . 
Ovules orthotropous. Embryo in the axis of the albumen, 
nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed 
chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is mark¬ 
ed with circular disks on two sides.) Comprises the three 
following Suborders. 
Suborder I. ABIETINE^. The proper Pine Family. 
^ 0wers * n cat kins, consisting of open imbricated carpels in 
ie o m o scales subtended by a bract; in fruit forming a strobile or 
ne. \ u es adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, with the 
orifice turned downward. Buds scaly. 
1. Pinus. Leaves in clusters of 2-5 in a sheath, persistent. 
’ Abies. Leaves all scattered, persistent. 
arix. Leaves many in a cluster, deciduous. 
Suborder II. CUPRESSINEiE. The Cypress Family. 
\ ^ owere insisting of few carpellary scales, without bracts, 
formin^ sev cral erect ovules on their base (the orifice upward), 
6 ' lf ose 8tr °hile or a sort of drupe in fruit. Buds naked. 
4 rp i° vv ers monmcious. Strobile dry, opening at maturity. 
ru it of few imbricated oblong scales. OvuIes2. Leaves 
scale-like, closely imbricated on the flattened branches. 
opressus. Fruit of several shield-form thickened scales united 
in a globular woody cone. Seeds 2 or more on the stalk of 
eac sca le. Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped, oppressed. 
axodium. Fruit of several thickened and rather shield-shaped 
sea es united in a globular woody cone. Seeds 2 on the base 
o each scale. Leaves linear, 2-ranked, deciduous. 
* * Flowers chiefly dioecious. Fruit drupe-like, not opening. 
• uniperus. Fruit composed of 3- 6 coalescentl-3-ovuled scales. 
