440 
CONIFERiE. (PINE FAMILF.) 
3. I*, rfgida, Miller. (Pitch Pine.) Leaves in threes (rare¬ 
ly in fours) from very short sheaths, jiattish ; cones ovoid-conical; the 
scales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. — Sandy or spare 
rocky soil, common. — Tree 30° - 70° high, with very rough and dark 
bark, and hard wood saturated with resin (a variety sometimes called 
Yellow Pine furnishes much less resinous timber) : the rigid dark- 
green leaves 3* - 5' long. Cones 2 r - 3' long, often in clusters. 
4. JP, resindsa, Ait. (Red Pine.) Leaves in pairs from 
long sheaths, semicylindrical , elongated ; cones ovoid-conical; the 
scales pointless , dilated in the middle. (P. rubra, Michx. /.) — Dry 
woods, Maine to N. Penn, and Michigan, rare southward. — Tree 
50°-80° high, with reddish and rather smooth bark, and compact 
wood, but softer and usually less resinous than in No. 3. Leaves 
dark green, &-& long. Cones about 2 1 long, sometimes aggregated 
in large and close clusters. — Wrongly called Noncay Pine. 
5. P. mitis, Michx. (Yellow Pine.) Leaves in pairs (or 
rarely in threes) from long sheaths , channelled, slender ; cones ovoid 
or oblong-conical; the scales slightly enlarged at the end, tipped with 
a minute and weak prickly point. (P. variAbilis, Pursh.) — Dry or 
sandy soil, W. New England ? and New Jersey to Ohio; common 
southward. — Tree 50°-60° high, straight, producing a very durable, 
fine-grained, moderately resinous timber, valuable for flooring, &o. 
Leaves 3'-5 / long, more soft and slender than in any of the preced¬ 
ing, dark green. Cones nearly 2' long. 
§ 2. Leaves o in a sheath, soft and slender : scales of the cones point - 
less and not thickened at the end : bark smooth. 
6- P* Strobus, L. (White Pine.) Leaves in fives, very 
slender, rather glaucous, the sheaths deciduous; cones narrow, cylin¬ 
drical, nodding, a little curved. — Cool and damp woods, common. 
The White Pine (called in England Weymouth Pine) is our tallest 
tree, often 12(P - 160° in a single straight column in primitive forests, 
invaluable for its soft and light white or yellowish wood, which in 
large trunks is nearly free from resin. Cones 4'-6' long; the scales 
very slightly thickened upwards. 
2. ABIES, Toum. Spruce. Fir. 
Sterile catkins scattered or somewhat clustered towards the end 
of the branchlets. Scales of the strobiles thin and flat, not at all 
thickened at the apex, nor with a prickly point. Seeds with a 
persistent wing. — Leaves all scattered, short, frequently 2 -rank- 
ed. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The classical Latin name.) 
§ 1. Cones erect, lateral; the scales, with the more or less projecting 
bracts, separating from the axis at maturity : sterile catkins cluster 
ed: anther-cells opening by a transverse laceration: leaves fiat, be 
