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CONIFERiE. (PINE FAMILY.) 
JUNIPERUSj L. Juniper. 
Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small 
lateral catkins. Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of 
the shield-shaped scale. Fertile catkins ovoid, of 3-6 fleshy 
1 — 3-ovuled coalescent scales ; in fruit forming a sort of drupe or 
berry, scaly-bracted underneath. Seeds 1 - 3, bony. Cotyledons 
Evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like 
rigid leaves. (The classical name.) 
1. J. communis, L. (Common Juniper.) Leaves in threes, 
inear awl-shaped, prickly pointed, spreading, bright green except the 
glaucous-white concave upper surface.—Dry sterile hills, not rare 
eastward and northward, and along the Great Lakes. May. — Shrub 
usua y spreading nearly flat on the ground, rarely ascending, rigid. 
■Berries dark purple, as large as a pea. 
2^ J . Tirginiana, L. (Red Cedar. Savin.) Leaves 4- 
ran ed, much crowded, on young plants and primary or rapidly-grow¬ 
ing s loots awl-shaped and somewhat spreading, in pairs or threes; 
on older lateral twigs very small and scale-like, closely imbricated, 
Umngu ar-ovatc. A branching shrub or small tree, becoming 15°- 
ig , or, var. humilis, Hook., a widely spreading or almost pros¬ 
trate shrub.—Dry rocky or sterile hills, common : the prostrate va- 
nety chiefly high northern. April. — Wood odorous, reddish, very 
compact and durable. Berries small, purplish with a glaucous bloom. 
Suborder III. TAXINEiE. The Yew Family. 
TAXUS, Tourn. Yew. 
Flowers mostly dioecious, axillary from scaly buds; the sterile 
m small globular catkins formed of naked stamens : anther-cells 
8 under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile 
ers solitary, scaly-bracted at the base, consisting merely of an 
erect sessile ovule, with a cup-shaped disk around its base, which 
ecomes pulpy and berry-like (globular and red) in fruit, and al¬ 
most incloses the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2 . —Leaves ever¬ 
green, flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical 
name, probably from ro£ov, a bow ; the wood being used for bows.) 
!. T. Canadensis, Willd. (American Yew. Ground 
■ L0 «> ® tems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both 
cs, wit sightly revolute margins. — Moist banks and bills, near 
streams, especially in the shade of evergreens : common northward. 
P n .' ^ ur ^ ew is a low and straggling or prostrate bush, never 
forming an ascending trunk. 
