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more or less primitive condition as regards intelligence and culture. 
There we find medicine closely mingled with superstition and re- 
ligion. ‘The medicine men are the priests and are in league with 
the divine (or the devil). The ancient idea that a disease was a 
devil (or the devil) lived down into historical times. Hence one 
must take a bitter medicine to drive the devil out. The bitterer 
the medicine the sooner would the unwelcome intruder leave the 
human body (Fig. 4). 


Hire. 4. “St. Mathurin delivering the daughter of Emperor Maximilian 
of a disease in the form of a demon.” (From a life of St. Mathurin pub- 
lished in 1489.) Copied from Haggard, Howard W. The Doctor in His- 
tory. New Haven, Yale Univ. Press, 1934. (10,699) 
