181] 
pensive and hard to get because they were brought overland by 
caravan from the east, or long distances through pirate-infested 
waters. Hence Columbus’s quest for an easier route to India by 
sailing west. 
Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries. The works 
of Shakespeare (1564-1616) give evidence of an intimate knowl- 
edge of drugs and simples. During this period several famous 
botanic gardens were founded; Pisa, 1543; Padua, 1545; Florence, 
1545; Bolonga, 1567; Montpellier, 1593; Paris, 1635; Edinburgh, 
1670; and Chelsea, 1673. Several herbals, now classics, appeared : 
eg. Brunfels, 1530; Fuchs, 1542; Matthioli, 1544; Gerarde, 1597; 
Parkinson’s Paradisi in Sole, Paradisus Terrestris,| 1629, These 
were ponderous tomes which contained (usually) wood cuts of the 
common plants known at that time, botanical descriptions of them, 
and accounts of their “virtues” or uses. 
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Fic. 7. A “Drug store,” about 1536 A.D. From Pictorial history of 
ancient pharmacy, by Hermann Peters. English translation by William 
Netter. Chicago, 1889. (10,604) 


Some Superstitious Beliefs. We have said that in the beginning 
pharmacy and medicine were intermingled with religion and super- 
stition. Since the time of Hippocrates, physicians, pharmacists, 
and scientists endowed with independence and logic like his, have 
— 
’ 
1 The words “Paradisi in Sole” are a Latin pun of the author on his own 
name—‘Park-in-son.” 
