185 
physicians and apothecaries in each of these settlements, but for 
the most part the practice of medicine consisted of empiricism and 
the following of Indian folk lore. No encouragement or recog- 
nition of professional or other education was given by any of these 
local colonies. . . . In the colonies under Spanish and French in- 
fluence, the priests, and particularly the Jesuits, were the most im- 
portant factor in the development of pharmacy and medicine.” 
One authority says of this 
period, “Anyone who knew 
calomel from tartar emetic, 
and jalap from ipecac, and had 
the assurance to use them, who 
could make and apply oint- 
ments and plasters, dress 
wounds or splint a broken 
limb, was a welcome settler 
and received the title of Doc- 
tor without asking.” 
In 1765 the first medical 
school in the United States 
was established at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, and 

pharmacy was taught there, ey 
prescription writing being thus Fic. 9. Adam Kuhn, the first pro- 
introduced into the United fessor of botany and materia medica 
States. It washerethat Adam ™ America, at the University of Penn- 
Kuhn, a pupil of Linnaeus, be- Sy ena : cou SUN: Bow ends 
. Some American medical botanists. 
cane, in 1768, the first pro- Troy 1914. (4026) 
fessor of materia medica and 
botany in the United States (Fig. 9). In 1790 the first medical 
journal was published, in New York. 
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. The inventions, discover- 
ies, improvements, and new methods of this latest period are far 
too many even to enumerate here. By means of the improved com- 
pound microscope, the nature of protoplasm, that is, the living 
matter of the cells of plants and animals, was demonstrated during 
the first half of the nineteenth century by Von Mohl, Schleiden, 
and Max Schulze; and Pasteur (1822-1895) laid the foundations 
