46 



by a rich fauna. There is no reason to doubt that the insect 

 fauna was also abundant. 



This fauna has been forced southwards by the advancing 

 ice, and this accounts for the relationship of the two territories. 



Some Coleóptera of Tertiary times in Europe resemble those 

 at present existing in America. Seven or eight fossil species of 

 Calosoma are known in Europe, where at present only five species 

 exist. America has more than twenty, some of which resemble 

 fossil European ones. 



Archaic genera are much more numerous in North America 

 than in Europe. North America has been mostly continental 

 since Tertiary times ; Europe was formerly a group of islands. 

 The fauna of the former consists of archaic types (relics), a large 

 percentage of immigrants from the circumpolar continent, and 

 finally immigrants from the south. The European fauna is com- 

 posed of immigrants from the north and from Africa and Asia. 



The Antarctic continent has a fossil flora bearing relationship 

 to South America. There is also an affinity between Chile, 

 Patagonia, Austraha, and Madagascar. Many genera have 

 extended from North to South America, and from North Asia 

 to Austraha (cf. Vol. II., p. 433)- 



Discîission. 



P. Speiser. — Die Ausführungen des Herrn Vortragenden 

 werden durch unsere Erfahrungen an den Dipteren unterstützt. 

 Alte Formen, wie z. B. solche, die schon im Bernstein stark 

 vertreten sind, finden sich in Mittel-Amerika und West-Afrika 

 {Toxorhina). Wo Gemeinsamkeit zwischen Nord- Amerika und 

 Nord-Europe fehlt, wird es sich um phylogenetisch junge For- 

 men handeln. Einiges zu dieser Frage aus dem Gebiete der 

 Blutsauger soll mein auf Freitag angesetzter Vortrag bringen. 



N. Banks said that in one family of Neuroptera, the Panor- 

 pidce, it was the Eastern United States that was related to 

 Europe, while with the Raphididce it was the Californian region 

 that was so related. With the Myrmeleonid genus Palpares, the 

 Mediterranean region, all Africa, and India made one region ; 

 with the Ascalaphid genus Ascalaphus, the Mediterranean region. 

 Central Asia, and Japan made one zoological region. Therefore 



