64 



nests with pupœ, pay no attention to them, as Wheeler has 

 shown with the American subspecies P. lucidus and F . incerta 

 brood. 



A newly fertihsed female must, therefore, as insisted on by 

 FoREL and Wasmann, be adopted in some way by the slave 

 species. 



The females do not seem to have the instinct of the workers 

 to carry ofí pupae, as have females of F. sanguínea, so the theory 

 that, as in the case of the latter, a female might pillage a number 

 of cocoons and hatch them out herself, is hardly admissible, 



Emery in his most recent paper suggests the hypothesis 

 that a female might enter a colony of F. fusca and frighten 

 away the workers, who would leave a certain number of pupae 

 behind in their flight. These pupae would then hatch, as Formica 

 callows can emerge from the cocoon unassisted. 



There is as j^et, however, no direct evidence in support of 

 this view. 



FoREL made some experiments in which newly fecundated 

 females were adopted by workers of the slave-species. In August 

 1869 he found a deälated female of P. rufescens on a road. He 

 placed her with ten workers of F. fusca ; the first worker who 

 met the female seized her by a leg, but released it at once. The 

 workers then joined the female, and all were perfectly friendly. 



Unfortunately he neglected the nest and all the ants perished. 

 There was no sign of injury on the bodies, and the experiment 

 would undoubtedly have been successful with the requisite 

 care. In 1872 he found a deälated female being attacked by 

 some of her own species while on a slave-making raid. He 

 rescued the female and placed her with a dozen nt fibarbis workeis . 

 These workers allied themselves to the female at once and lived 

 amicably with her for a week, when the female died. 



ViEHMEYER in 1908 introduced a Polyergus female into a 

 small colony of F. fusca with queen. She was accepted and 

 killed the F. fusca queen. 



In his recent most interesting paper mentioned above, 

 Emery discusses the question and gives his experiments. He 

 observed nests for several years and noted that some years 

 there was no regular marriage -flight, and that the mnged and 

 deälated females went with the workers on the slave-raids, under 



