356 



ground-colour and a series of light spots, one in each marginal 

 wing-cell or internervural space. The ground-colour shows 

 itself somewhat earlier than the spots, and the forewing pre- 

 cedes the hind one in the development of both colour and 

 markings (fig. i). 



When the definite pattern makes its appearance the primitive- 

 one is merged into it, and obscured by it, but some of the 

 marginal hght spots pass from the one into the other. 



These remnants of the original or pupal pattern are precisely 

 the characteristic spots common to different members of the 

 Vanessa family, and occur in all grades of distinctness, size, and 

 number, from Junonia laornedia or Precis hcllanis, which show 

 them nearly all, to V. urticcB, where only the foremost one on 

 the forewing is preserved. Generally speaking, they disappear 

 from behind forwards, and are often more visible on the under- 

 than on the upperside. 



Very shortly after the publication of my paper, and quite 

 independently of it, appeared the admirable article of my honoured 

 friend Dr. Dixey on " The Phylogenetic Significance of the Wing- 

 markings in the NymphaHdae," in which, in the first place, he 

 called attention to that same row of marginal spots which I 

 have just mentioned, and convincingly proved its great sig- 

 nificance for the systematic and phylogenetic arrangement 

 of the VanessidcF. 



In my article of 1889 I had moreover mentioned the fact 

 that this row of light-coloured marginal spots, as far as it 

 occurs on the forewing, was also visible on the wing-sheath 

 of the pupa, and that the same was the case with certain 

 other features of the primitive forewing-pattern, e.g. the 

 division of the ground-colour into a fighter external and a darker 

 internal area, which is peculiar to the developing wing of V. 

 urticcB (figs. 2 and 3). In this respect I found that I was in 

 perfect agreement with the views of the distinguished president 

 of this Congress, laid down in his classic papers " On the Mor- 

 phology of the Lepidopterous PupcT, its relation to that of the 

 other stages and to the origin and history of Metamorphosis," 

 which appeared in 1890 and 1891. 



In these papers he brought forward strong arguments in. 

 favour of the proposition that the pupa should not be con- 



