3/1 



uniformly rosy-red. This red bore the greatest resemblance 

 to the same colour which was called forth by abnormal dis- 

 coloration of the isolated pupal wings of Vanessidce (and, as I 

 can now add, of Papilio podalirius). but in Ji. canicDnincs it 

 arose, without doubt, as a normal product. 



In Picris brassicce I could not detect a single trace of red, 

 either before or after the extirpation of the wing-rudiments 

 from the pupal sheath, nor was I able to obsen'e a similar 

 phenomenon in the few pupie of Goneptcryx rhamni, Picris napi, 

 and Papilio machao}i that 1 had at my disposal. 



In Papilio podalirius the ground-colour of the wings is a 

 light cinnamon-brown, exactly resembling that of Pyrameis 

 carditi. Especially the hindwings of these two species, belonging 

 to different families, show the greatest resemblance during a 

 considerable part of the pupal stage, as the marginal light spots 

 proper to the Vanessidce arise earlier on the fore- than on the 

 hindwings. Therefore we may assert, with regard to the 

 primitive coloration of the forewings of the Papilionidce, 

 that these wings remain unchanged in a condition which is 

 rapidly passed o\er in the Vanessidce. 



On account of the absence of any spots or other markings 

 on the growing wings of P. podalirius, the contrast with the 

 complicated imaginai pattern is all the more striking, and the 

 same remark applies as well to liuchloe cardamincs and Picris 

 brassiccr. Nevertheless I feel confident in asserting that not 

 only a primitiw colouring, but also a primiti\'e pattern, exists 

 in Papilionidce- and Pier idee just as much as in Ny)nphalidce. 

 This pattern, however, is limited to a certain contrast in c<jlora- 

 tion and texture between the course of the nervures and the 

 wing-spaces between them. The latter are darker than the 

 former, owing to the accumulation of brown pigment-grains. 

 Towards the middle lines of the interncrvural wing-spaces the 

 brown colour gradually lightens, and so the eft'ect is reached of 

 wedge-shaped areas, beginning at the distal margin and reaching 

 to the neighbourhood of the outer border of the discoidal cell. 



These marginal wedges are not b}- any means so sharply 

 circumscribed and well contrasted to the surrounding ground- 

 coloration as the light spots in Xymphalidce. They even 

 l)artl\- owe their distinctness to the fact that the numerous 



